新疆典型荒漠戈壁区道路网络对大型野生动物栖息地安全影响研究

Road can provide convenience for human, at the same time, it also pose a serious negative impact on the species of wild animals. It main shows that: habitat loss, blocking of resources utilization, intensified human disturbance and so on. Along with the road network density increased, the wildlife’s unbalance in spatial distribution was accelerated for locking effect and fragmentation, but also population survival has a great influence impact in a small scale region. The wildlife species which are already influenced by human activities are much more difficult to survive and it aggravate the imbalance of the whole ecosystem, so the road network impact on wildlife habitat has important scientific significance. The typical Gobi desert region, which located in northern of Xinjiang province, was selected as study area. Along with the change of spatial-time scale, using the principle of “pattern-progress”, the author analysis the large wild animals migration and the influence of the minimum safety habitat by the effect of road network expanding on the desert Gobi area. Based on the ecological impact which different class roads given, combined with field investigation, vegetation, human water sources and other environmental factor , through multi-scale methods of comparative analysis, spatial statistical analysis, to explore the northwest desert Gobi area road network expansion model and influence factor of space and time, all levels of road under the influence of main ecological factors change, the analysis of the effect of different geographical conditions on its ecological effects. Making sure road network extension mode, landscape model, scenario analysis and theory of ecological safety threshold, the authors made an evaluation ecological risk for regional road extension. To clarify the landscape pattern of large (migration) wildlife migration rule, the influence of revealing the road network of wildlife habitat ecological effect and influence domain quantitative expression of the relationship. Using of the spatial information technology to build multivariate security index for wildlife habitat and landscape information. This study for the northwest desert Gobi area road construction ecological corridor and provide a scientific basis for wildlife habitat optimization, has important scientific significance.

公路在为人类生活提供便捷的同时，对野生动物的种群构成了严重的负面影响，主要表现为：栖息地丧失、阻隔对资源的利用、隔离种群以及加剧人为干扰等几个方面。本项目以新疆自治区典型荒漠戈壁区为研究对象，从路网时空演变着手，利用“格局-过程”的景观生态学原理，道路扩展对大型野生动物迁移（徙）规律及其最小安全栖息地的影响进行分析。基于研究区域不同等级道路影响下大型野生动物的野外调查，结合植被、水源地等生境因子调查，通过多尺度比较分析、空间统计分析等方法，探寻西北荒漠戈壁区道路网络扩展的时空模式对区域景观生态效应的影响；确定道路影响域，依据生态安全阈值理论，对区域路网扩展的生态风险进行了评价，揭示道路对大型野生动物迁移扩散规律的影响，定量化道路网络对大型野生动物生态过程影响及其影响域分布，进而利用空间信息技术构建耦合地表多元景观信息的大型野生动物栖息地安全指数。

景观破碎化以后无法为野生动物提供有效的生态栖息地面积，不利于植被的持续稳定生长，使生态恢复难以达到预期效果，尤其是近20年以来我国西北地区道路建设的加快，进一步加剧了野生动物栖息地的减少，栖息地面积的减少势必影响生态系统的稳定和植被恢复的可持续性，对生态系统健康造成威胁。本研究分析了新疆荒漠戈壁区的动物迁徙规律，动物通道设置原则及方法，提出了动物通道设置指南。本研究表明，动物通道使用比例随着通道高度增高而增加；动物通道利用比率与通道长度之间存在相关性，相关系数为0.720，动物通道使用比例随着通道长度增高而增加。本课题与有关管理部门的工作人员进行了多次的学术交流和座谈，为新疆动物保护保护提供了咨询建议，也为公路交通建设动物通道设计提供了技术方案。