近药包表面水下爆炸冲击波载荷时空分布测量技术研究

The characteristics of close-proximity underwater explosion loading have not been solved for a long time. Aiming at this problem, the work emphasizing on the experiment measurement technology is developed by measuring the pressure-time history and the impulse of effecting flyers. The pressure-time history is carried using photo device together with electric sensor, and the effective measurement time is extended by adjusting the materials and joint pattern for film sensors. The impulse of shock wave load is indicated as the initial speed of air-back flyer, which measured by X-ray and flyer collecting device. Subsequently, the rules of influences on the results of measurement and the methods of verification are investigated. There are two essences such as the ununiformity of mass and stiffness and the dynamic effect of water attached the flyers, which are studied by Equivalent model of Multi-freedom system and hydrodynamic theory of near free surface. By establishing two measurement methods in this item, the time-space characteristics of close-proximity underwater explosion will be obtained, the theory about the transmit of shock load near-field underwater explosion will be enriched. This study will provide foundation for the evaluation of power and the design of underwater weapons warhead and anti-explosion of underwater structure.

针对近药包表面水下爆炸冲击波的载荷特性一直没有得到有效解决这一问题，以试验测量技术为研究对象，采用测量压力时程和效应物冲量的方法进行研究，其中压力时程以光电结合的方式进行，通过调整薄膜类传感器各组成部分材料及连接方式延长测量有效时间；效应物冲量以爆炸冲击驱动下水下背气飞片初始速度表征，用X光拍摄结合飞片收集装置进行测量。最后研究测量结果的影响规律及校验方法，提炼出传感器质量刚度非均匀效应及飞片附连水的动力学效应两个本质问题，并以多自由度系统等效模型和近自由面爆炸流体动力学理论结合机理性试验进行研究。项目预期将建立两种测量方法，揭示近药包表面水下爆炸冲击波载荷时空分布特性。项目的成果必将进一步完善水下爆炸载荷测量技术，丰富水下爆炸近场载荷传播理论，为水中兵器装药的设计、威力评估和水中结构的抗爆设计提供依据。

通过对压力电测敏感元件类型、悬置方式、引脚方式及引线方式等的反复试验研究，基本确定了传感器的结构形式，建立了近药包表面的水下爆炸冲击波电测技术。采用激光干涉法成功测量到流场中水介质在波阵面经过后的速度历程，利用速度与压力的对应关系，获得了6倍装药半径内冲击波压力时程。建立了近药包表面光学测量技术。基于数值仿真及试验对飞片的尺寸及预置结构形式进行了详细研究，确定了环向断层式的飞片预置方式，采用金属靶网、激光、探针等多种方式对飞片初始速度进行了测量，逐步改进工艺及安装形式，形成了较为可靠的测速方法。并对药包布放、飞片预置及防护等进行了研究，系统建立了预置飞片试验方法。开展了1到6倍药包半径下圆筒飞片试验，初步得到了近药包表面时能量分布特性，给后光电测量方法，系统构建了近药包表面水下爆炸冲击波载荷测试技术。深入分析了电测传感器质量密度不均匀效应、光测质点动位移效应以及飞片测试中水动力学附加效应等影响规律，完善了测量技术。该测量技术的建立一定程度上填补水爆近药包表面测试领域的空白，攻克了长期以来仅能获得峰压而无法获得时程特性的瓶颈，为水中兵器近距打击威力评估及舰艇抗爆设计提供了技术支撑。