动物源和植物源有机肥灌溉施用对脐橙生长及养分吸收利用的影响研究

Fertigation application of liquid organic manures is a labor-saving fertilization new model, which is very useful in the fruit groves which locate on the hilly and mountainous areas of south of China. In the high-quality and high-yield navel orange orchards in the south of Jiangxi province, this fertigation model is common method for annual nutrient management. However, the intrinsic biological process of its high quality and high yield ability is still not clearly, and the key indicators and parameters are also not clear too. All that has hindered the standardization of technology and its extensive application. Three consecutive years of field experiment was hold under polycarbonate shelter. Take digested animal manure, including pig manure and poultry manure, as animal-based liquid organic manure, and the soaking cookies, including rapeseed dry cake, peanut dry cake and Tongzi dry cake, as vegetal-based liquid organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer treatment as the control. The application of total nitrogen in different treatments is same. Organic manure treatments every 15 days application with the same amount of organic liquid manure, chemical fertilizer according to the traditional application fertilizer model. In this projectives, research content contains the difference among treatments in the canopy growth, root growth, plant element absorption and accumulation, soil C content and component, N content and component, and soil enzymes activity. And the main objectives of this research include that what is the biological processes of this fertigation model, and key technical indexes and parameters which sound relationship with yield and quality are clarified. Then, the technical integration research is carried out for the key parameters.

在南方丘陵山区果园有机肥灌溉施肥是一种省工省力的施肥新模式，该施肥模式在赣南优质丰产脐橙园的周年养分管理上应用较普遍。然而，其优质丰产的内在生物学过程仍不清楚，关键指标参数不明确，已阻碍了该技术的标准化和推广应用。本项目拟在大田挡雨设施条件下实施，采用动物粪肥（猪粪、鸡粪）发酵液作为动物源液态有机肥和枯饼（菜籽枯、花生枯、桐枯）浸泡液作为植物源有机肥，以化肥处理为对照；不同处理施用的总N量相同，施氮量随树龄增加；有机肥处理每15天等量浇灌一次，化肥按传统肥料运筹模式施用。以定植3年的枳壳砧纽荷尔脐橙树为实验材料，实验处理连续3年；比较分析不同处理对果树树冠生长、根系生长、植株元素吸收与积累、以及土壤C、N及酶活性的影响。初步阐明有机肥灌溉施用对脐橙生长与养分吸收影响的内在机制，并明确其关键技术指标及参数；再针对关键指标参数开展技术集成研究。

在南方丘陵山区果园有机肥灌溉施肥是一种省工省力的施肥新模式，该施肥模式在赣南优质丰产脐橙园的周年养分管理上应用较普遍。然而，其优质丰产的内在生物学过程仍不清楚，关键指标参数不明确，已阻碍了该技术的标准化和推广应用。本研究通过田间原位试验，以脐橙幼龄树和结果树为试验对象。以动植物源有机液肥和氮肥为氮素营养，设置100%化肥氮、100%动物源氮、100%植物源氮、50%动物源氮+50%化肥氮和50%植物源氮+50%化肥氮试验处理。不同处理施用的总N量相同，均以液态形式灌溉施用，每10-15天等量浇肥一次。测定树体生长、养分吸收与积累、以及土壤C、N及酶活性指标，并分析内在关系。相同施氮量条件下，动、植物源有机液肥单施或与化肥配施均显著促进树体生长和养分吸收，主成分分析表明50%植物源氮+50%化肥氮配施处理综合效果最佳。在该灌溉施肥模式下，植株干重、根系干重和基径均显著高于其他处理，比100%化肥氮处理增加47.21%、42.08%和29.17%；春梢叶片相对叶绿素含量显著高于动物源氮或化肥氮处理，增幅达9.19%；根系总根长和根尖数显著增加，且根总表面积最大。0-15cm、15-30cm、30-60cm三个土层中土壤有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、微生物量碳、颗粒性有机碳等土壤质量相关参数均显著高于其他处理；且土壤有机碳与微生物量碳和颗粒性有机碳含量存在极显著正相关关系，土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量存在显著或极显著正相关关系。综合植株生长、养分吸收、土壤碳氮及酶活性的响应差异及相关性，初步探明了该模式下脐橙优质高效的生物学过程及调控的关键指标，但该模式的理论机理阐明仍有待于土壤-植株系统互作关系的深入研究；技术集成研究表明50%植物源氮+50%化肥氮配施的灌溉施肥模式提质增效效应明显，可在赣南脐橙产区推广应用。