普通野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体形态特征研究

Fan-shaped phytolith plays an important role on discovering and identifying rice remains in the study of origin and spreading of rice agriculture. However, the uncertainty in the distinction of fan-shaped phytolith wild rice and cultivated rice limited the use of fan-shaped phytolith in the past studies. In this research, Dongxiang wild rice（O.rufipogon）in middle reaches of the yangtze river was taken as a study example. The morphological features of rice fan-shaped phytolith from different leave position, growth stage and environment were analyzed. The differences of wild rice and cultivated rice fan-shaped phytolith decoration from different growth stage, leave position were compared. And the impact of eco-environment on the variation of wild rice and cultivated rice fan-shaped phytolith decoration was discussed. Followed, the scaly-like decorations on the fan-shaped phytolith were quantified, and wild rice and cultivated rice fan-shaped phytolith varying function was established. The discriminat foundation of rice archaeology based on phytolith analysis was developed finally by this work.

在稻作农业起源和传播的研究中，水稻扇型植硅体对于发现、鉴定水稻遗存起到了重要的作用。但由于野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体的区分存在不确定性，限制了扇型植硅体在早期稻作研究中的应用。为了得出鉴定水稻扇型植硅体的判别函数，本研究以分布于中国长江流域中部的东乡普通野生稻和栽培稻为例，通过分析不同叶位、不同生育期与不同生长环境下稻叶植硅体形态特征，揭示不同生育时期与不同叶位的普通野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体形态与纹饰变化规律；探讨生态环境变化对野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体形态特征的影响；建立普通野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体形态变化函数和定量化鱼鳞状纹饰，为稻作农业起源植硅体的分析提供判别依据。

为了得出鉴定水稻扇型植硅体的判别函数，本研究以分布于中国长江流域中部的东乡普通野生稻和栽培稻为例，通过分析稻叶植硅体形态特征，揭示普通野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体形态与纹饰变化规律；探讨生态环境变化对扇型植硅体形态特征的影响；建立稻叶扇型植硅体形态变化函数，为稻作农业起源植硅体的分析提供判别依据。得出结果如下：.1. 扇型植硅体的形态特征。普通野生稻扇型植硅体大于栽培稻，粳稻大于籼稻；普通野生稻B/A显著大于栽培稻，粳稻B/A又显著小于籼稻。水稻扇型植硅体的长（VL）与宽（HL）呈现正相关的规律。水稻扇型植硅体从剑叶、倒二叶至倒三叶，普通野生稻呈现缩小的趋势，籼稻呈现增大的趋势，粳稻差异不大。从剑叶、倒二叶至倒三叶，普通野生稻与栽培稻短柄型扇型植硅体频率都呈现依次减小的趋势。.2. 建立普通野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体判别函数。① 在遗址水稻鉴定中，如发掘的扇型植硅体中多数B/A≤1.20就有很大可能是粳稻；如B/A＞1.2，可再根据扇型植硅体的大小区分野生稻和籼稻，多数植硅体在VL<41μm & HL<39μm的区间内则可能是籼稻，在VL>41μm & HL>39μm的区间内则可能是普通野生稻。② 野生稻田表土样本中鱼鳞状纹饰≥9个的扇型植硅体比例是17.46%±8.29%，而栽培稻田表土样本中鱼鳞状纹饰≥9个的扇型植硅体比例为63.70%±9.22%。.3. 施肥方式可以改变水稻叶片中扇型植硅体的数量与形态特征大小。此结论争议较大，有待进一步研究。