基于气候适应性模型的夏热冬冷地区城市绿地形态优化策略

From climate-adaptability perspective, the project selected the hot-summer and cold-winter zone as the study area, and urban green space form as the study object. Integrated in application of the research methods of landscape architecture, urban and ruralplanning, urban climatology to build a hot-summer and cold-winter zone optimization quantitative model of urban green space morphology, then optimum strategies were put forward. First the climate characteristics of hot-summer and cold-winter zone were analyzed. Human comfort degree of 0 as the standard; through questionnaire method, climate adaptation goals of urban green space in this area would be made clear. Using the thermal performance of the system evaluation EETP for reference, the climate parameters were chosen, and climate adaptation evaluation model was built using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Environment measuring instruments were applied for objective climate data by site observations, and application-aware devices (i.e., environmental behavior psychological analysis system) for subjective climate data. By comparison of data, the climate adaptive capacity of sample green spaces were setting-out, quantitative evaluation of the samples were determined, and climate adaptive capacity of the different elements of green space matrix was built. Then with the CFD and Fluent software, the urban green space environment in hot-summer and cold-winter zone could be simulated to test and verify the conclusions above. Accordingly, the urban green space form optimization model of the hot-summer and cold-winter zone would be established based on the climate-adaptability, and optimization strategies were proposed.

本项目从气候适应性研究视角，选择夏热冬冷地区为研究区域，以城市绿地形态作为研究对象，综合应用风景园林学、城乡规划学、城市气候学的研究方法，构建定量化的夏热冬冷地区城市绿地形态优化模型，制定优化策略。首先分析夏热冬冷地区气候特征，以人体舒适度0级为标准，对其进行定性评价；并借助问卷调查方法，明确该地区城市绿地的气候适应性目标；借鉴热工性能系统评价指标EETP，选择气候指标参数，运用层次分析法建构气候适应性评价模型；进行现场观测，应用环境测量仪器获取客观气候数据，应用感知仪器（即环境行为心理分析系统）获取主观气候数据，通过二者比对关联，测定样本绿地的气候适应性能力，并对样本绿地进行定量评价，构建不同绿地要素的气候适应性能力矩阵；接着借助CFD、Fluent等软件，模拟夏热冬冷地区城市绿地环境，对以上结论进行动态耦合验证。据此建立基于气候适应性的夏热冬冷地区城市绿地形态优化模型。

城市绿地的气候适应性研究是风景园林学科发展的内在要求，也是对全球热点问题以及国家战略的积极响应。夏热冬冷地区占地广，人口多，经济相对发达，作为研究样本区域更具代表性和影响力。本项目从气候适应性视角，以城市绿地形态作为具体研究对象，从夏热冬冷地区气候特征和人体舒适度标准入手，借助问卷调查等方法，明确该地区城市绿地的气候适应性目标；选择30块典型样本绿地进行现场测量，应用TR-72U型环境测量仪获取温度、湿度等详细客观数据，定量评价样本绿地的气候适应性，构建不同绿地要素的气候适应性能力矩阵；从EETP热工性能指标系统中选择气候评价参数，运用AHP层次分析法建构针对绿地的气候适应性评价模型；接着借助Envi ment软件，模拟夏热冬冷地区城市绿地环境，对上述规律进行动态耦合解析。进而建立基于气候适应性的夏热冬冷地区城市绿地形态优化模型，综合应用城乡规划学、风景园林学、城市气候学的研究方法，制定量化的夏热冬冷地区城市绿地形态优化策略。本项目的研究在理论层面使城市绿地的研究更加完善与深化，在中观的城市绿地空间结构与宏观的城市气候之间建立联系，同时成熟的流体力学理论以及计算机模拟技术等方法能够通过定量的手段大大简化城市绿地空间的分析、评价和布局过程，从而共同促进从气候视角出发的城市绿地定量研究。在实践层面，本项目的研究成果具体表现为一系列定量及可操作的规划设计策略和建议，主要包括不同绿地规模条件下，水体适宜规模的确定、绿地适宜规模的确定、不同区域的植被类型选择、活动场地的位置选择以及绿化多样化的导向等等，为城市绿地规划、管理、设计提供可操作的建议，对建立以人为本的宜居城市具有现实的实践应用意义。