严寒地区城市微气候调节原理与设计方法研究

China has a vast territory of severe cold zones, which occupies a quarter of the total land. With the expanding of urbanization, changes and deterioration of living environment has been the key issue of the urbanization development in severe cold zones. The adverse weather conditions in winter and frequent extreme climate episodes recently have thrown down severe challenges to the cities of severe cold areas. Relevant investigations based on the particularity of climate in these zones, therefore, should be carried out to improve the urban microclimate environment. Based on the high complexity of urban spatial structure and particularity of climate in severe cold zones, the database including urban spatial elements, microclimate environmental parameters and the evaluation system of human subjective comfort perception is created; the microclimate environmental dynamic numerical simulation technology adapting to the characters of severe cold zones is explored; and the numerical model based on the relationship between microclimate environment in severe cold zones and urban spatial elements is built. By a comprehensive application of multidisciplinary knowledge and contemporary analytical methodologies, the correlation degree between urban microclimate environment and urban spatial structure as well as elements is detected, the regulation mechanism, evaluation and prediction model of urban microclimate environment, as well as the design strategies to improve microclimate environment are considered, whether in terms of the macro, medium or micro view of urban aspect. The investigation discussed above has important values and scientific significances on improving urban living environment and guiding the urban planning, landscape design and architecture design in severe cold zones to a scientific and refined future.

严寒地区幅员辽阔，占我国领土的1/4。伴随着城市化进程的推进，人居环境的改变与恶化已成为严寒地区城市建设发展中的突出问题，冬季恶劣的气候条件以及近年频发的极端气候对严寒地区城市提出了严峻的挑战，亟待针对该区域气候的特殊性，展开改善城市微气候环境的相关研究。本项目基于严寒地区城市空间形态的高度复杂性与气候的特殊性，构建城市空间构成要素、微气候环境参量以及人体主观舒适度评价系统数据库，研发适于严寒地区城市特征的微气候环境动态数值模拟仿真技术，建立城市微气候环境与城市空间构成要素的数值关系模型，综合运用多学科知识及多种现代分析方法从宏观、中观、微观等多维层面，揭示城市微气候环境与城市空间形态及其要素的关联度，研究城市微气候环境的调节机理、评价与预测模型及改善微气候环境的设计方法，该研究对于改善严寒地区城市人居环境，指导严寒地区城市规划、景观及建筑设计向科学化、精细化方向发展有重要价值及科学意义。

本项目基于严寒地区城市空间形态的高度复杂性与气候的特殊性，通过对严寒地区典型城市进行的为期5年的长期测试、现场实测与实验室实验研究，构建了城市空间构成要素与微气候环境参量数据库，为严寒地区该领域的进一步科学研究奠定了基础。.针对严寒城市冰雪下垫面等特点，构建了严寒地区城市区域热气候长期动态预测的城市冠层模型，建立了严寒地区城市住区风、热环境动态预测评价模型，研发了适于严寒地区城市与气候特征的微气候环境动态数值模拟技术；综合运用多学科知识及多种现代分析方法，分别从城市粗糙度、城市绿地、城市水体、城市不透水面、城市道路、城市广场、景观形态、建筑密度与建筑布局等宏观、中观、微观的多维层面，研究了严寒地区城市空间形态及其构成要素对微气候的影响及关联度，揭示了不同季节气象条件下与不同因素作用下严寒地区城市微气候的变化规律，并给出相应的城市微气候调节方法与设计策略，为城市规划、建筑及景观设计提供理论依据。.另外，从使用者的感受和行为活动研究了活动人群热舒适与局地空间形态及其微气候环境的联系。从长期热适应、短期室内外热响应、局部暴露影响等方面出发，深入探讨并获得了严寒地区人体室外热舒适动态变化规律、城市人群室外热舒适的季节特征及适应行为特点，建立了适用于严寒地区人体热舒适的新的评价方法；同时，探究了严寒气候条件下人们的热习性，给出了严寒城市的户外人群热舒适度区间范围；基于人群行为活动特点与热舒适需求，给出城市公共空间设计方法与策略。.基于各项研究，在国内外期刊及会议上发表学术论文92篇，其中SCI、SSCI检索26篇，EI检索12篇；出版学术专著5部；研发分析软件并获得软件著作权2项，申请专利2项，获得黑龙江省科学技术奖一等奖1项、黑龙江省住房和城乡建设厅科技进步一等奖1项；培养硕博研究生45名（已获得学位32名），研究成果对于指导严寒地区城市规划、景观及建筑的科学化、精细化设计有重要价值及科学意义。