新疆焉耆黑蘑菇种质资源遗传多样性研究

The yanqi black mushroom is a special and quality wild edible mushrom from xinjiang.It has the big and thick fruit. It is rich in proteins, oleinic acid and polyphenols et al,and has a strong antioxidant function.The wild resource gradually extinguished due to the overly digging and worsing ecology in recent years. In 2012 we successfully cultivated the fruit in laboratory.The preliminary study found that the difference of genetic and adaptability was existed in the yanqi black mushroom from different geographic area. The wild yanqi black mushroom spreads in the north,west,east and south of xinjiang with diverse climate and bad environment. So it reveals the wild yanqi black mushroom exists the genetic diversity and the adaptability.In addition, whether the yanqi black mushroom is a species or intraspecific variants is existing are not sure. So this project will collect natural resources from different geographic area, study the genetic diversity by the technologies of ITS rDNA and simple sequence repeat with microsatellite-enriched library, analyze the phylogenetic relationships. Finally we want to make clear the relationship between the differences of geological distributions and genetic diversity of Yanqi black mushroom, and we also want to define whether Yanqi black mushroom represents a population or there exist variants within this population.This project will lay a foundation for germplasm resource protection, artificial cultivation as well as the delimitation of species.

焉耆黑蘑菇是新疆特有优质野生食用菌，子实体大肉厚，有当归香韵，富含蛋白质、亚油酸、多酚等生物活性成分，具有很强的抗氧化功能。近年因生态恶化和过度挖掘，导致野生资源日趋消亡。我们于2012年在实验室成功培养出其子实体，初步研究发现，地理来源不同的焉耆黑蘑菇存在遗传与适应能力的差异。焉耆黑蘑菇野生资源跨越新疆的东西南北部，分布地气候多样，且生态条件恶劣，预示着焉耆黑蘑菇具有丰富的遗传多样性和适应不良环境能力。另外目前尚不确定焉耆黑蘑菇是否为一个种，及是否存在种内变种。因此本研究拟收集分离不同发生地的焉耆黑蘑菇种质资源，利用ITS rDNA技术和富集微卫星文库的SSR技术系统地研究其遗传结构组成及遗传多样性，进行系统发育分析，最终明确①焉耆黑蘑菇地理分布差异与遗传多样性的关系②焉耆黑蘑菇是否为一个种群，及是否存在种内变种，为焉耆黑蘑菇的种质资源保护、人工开发及分类命名提供理论基础和技术支持。

焉耆黑蘑菇是新疆特有优质野生食用菌，近年因生态恶化和过度挖掘，导致野生资源日趋消亡。目前尚不确定焉耆黑蘑菇是否为一个种，同时尚未有人对焉耆黑蘑菇的遗传多样性进行研究。本研究收集分离了不同发生地的焉耆黑蘑菇种质资源，利用ITS rDNA技术和富集微卫星文库的SSR技术系统地研究了其遗传多样性，并最终明确了焉耆黑蘑菇的分类地位，为焉耆黑蘑菇的种质资源保护、人工开发奠定了基础。ITS rDNA 测序结果表明：疑似焉耆黑蘑菇分6个群体，巴里坤疑似菌株为蒙古口蘑，博斯腾湖沿岸的疑似菌株为新发现的中国美味蘑菇Agaricus sinodeliciosus，博湖县芦花港疑似株系为圆胞蘑菇（Agaricus gennadii），玛纳斯广东地的玛2、玛3为Agaricus iodosmus，玛纳斯兰州湾的玛1和高泉蘑菇沟的疑似菌株、博乐90团的艾4为大肥菇（Agaricus bitorquis），博乐艾比湖自然保护区的疑似菌株为中国新记录种Agaricus padanus，博乐82团蘑菇滩的疑似菌株一部分为Agaricus bitorquis，一部分为Agaricus padanus，一部分为Agaricus sinodeliciosus。SSR结果表明，疑似焉耆黑蘑菇菌株分3个分支，芦花港疑似菌株单独聚为一支，艾、高、玛1聚为另一支，博斯腾湖的博群体、和硕群体、乌兰乡群体、艾比湖自然保护区的托群体、蘑菇滩群体聚在一起形成了一个大分支。各群体的地理距离与遗传距离没有相关性，可能与芦苇菇不是一个品种有关，艾比湖自然保护区群体与博斯腾湖群体的亲缘关系较近。目前艾比湖自然保护区是Agaricus padanus主要的产地，蘑菇滩和博斯腾湖沿岸是Agaricus sinodeliciosus的主要产地。