基于“呼吸式居住区”的空间形态与竖向风环境耦合机理研究——以西安市为例

Residential area is an important part of urban construction. Currently, the residential area in Xi'an presents a three-dimensional development trend of "high intensity, high density and high altitude." The high concentration of high-rise buildings reduces the ventilation capacity of residential areas, which is not conducive to winter haze spread and summer hot weather mitigation. In view of the practical problems caused by high-rise buildings, the project put forward the design concept of "breathing residential area", breathing residential area refers to reasonable space layout, which is capable to promote the diversion and infiltration of natural wind, strengthen its internal air convection, exchange and purification. The project first investigates the spatial shape types and the vertical wind environment of the residential area in Xi’an (UAV cluster hovering test) and based on this, establishes a vertical wind environment measurement database, constructs vertical wind profile mathematical model of Xi’an residential area scale. Hence, overcome the bottleneck problem of inaccurate wind profile setting of CFD simulation. Therefore, use numerical simulation method to analyze the coupling mechanism between the spatial form of the residential area and the vertical wind environment, clarify the spatial and temporal distribution of the vertical wind environment of the residential area scale and establish a multiple linear regression model. Finally, the paper puts forward the morphology optimization design method of “breathing residential area” in order to improve ventilation capacity in residential area, alleviate winter smog and summer heat problems, enhance the thermal/wind comfort in residential area and build up healthy and livable residential area environment.

居住区是城市建设的重要内容。目前，西安市居住区呈现“高强度、高密度、高高度”立体化的发展态势，高层建筑的大量集聚降低了居住区的通风透气能力，不利于冬季灰霾的扩散和夏季高温天气的缓解。针对高层化带来的实际问题，项目提出了“呼吸式居住区”的设计理念，呼吸式居住区是指空间形态布局合理，能够促进自然风的疏导和渗透，加强其内部空气对流、交换、净化能力的居住区。首先对西安市居住区空间形态和竖向风环境（无人机集群悬停测试）进行调研，进而建立竖向风环境实测数据库，建构居住区尺度风廓线数学模型，从而突破CFD模拟风剖面设定不准确的瓶颈问题。进而解析居住区空间形态和竖向风环境的耦合机理，厘清居住区尺度竖向风环境的时空分布规律，建立多元线性回归模型。最后，提出“呼吸式居住区”空间形态优化设计方法，从而改善居住区通风透气能力，缓解冬季灰霾与夏季高温等问题，提升居住区的热/风舒适度，营建健康宜居的住区环境。

居住区是城市建设的重要内容。目前，西安市居住区呈现“高强度、高密度、高高度”立体化的发展态势，高层建筑的大量集聚降低了居住区的通风透气能力，不利于冬季灰霾的扩散和夏季高温天气的缓解。针对高层化带来的实际问题，项目提出了“呼吸式居住区”的设计理念，呼吸式居住区是指空间形态布局合理，能够促进自然风的疏导和渗透，加强其内部空气对流、交换、净化能力的居住区。.首先对西安市居住区空间形态和竖向风环境进行调研，调研包括对不同类型的居住区竖向风环境进行实地测试、居民访谈等，进而建立竖向风环境实测数据库，应用回归分析探寻居住区尺度风廓线数学模型，从而突破CFD模拟风剖面设定不准确的瓶颈问题，并为居住区竖向风环境数值模拟奠定数学模型基础。.基于理论分析和实地调研确定居住区空间形态重要影响因素，分别为平均高度、最高高度、错落度、建筑密度、容积率和围合度，应用ENVI-met解析居住区空间形态和竖向风环境的耦合机理，厘清居住区尺度竖向风环境的时空分布规律，分别建立一元和多元线性回归模型。结果表明风速比与建筑平均高度、容积率、建筑密度、围合度和错落度呈负相关，风速比与最高高度变化规律不显著。并进一步从居住区“高、中、低”开发强度、“低、半、全”围合形态、“低层、多层、高层”高度形态等三个方面解析居住区竖向风环境与空间形态类型的量化关系。.最后，基于数值模拟分析结果，从规划、建筑、景观等三个方面提出“呼吸式居住区”空间形态优化设计方法和设计策略，从而改善居住区通风透气能力，缓解冬季灰霾与夏季高温等问题，提升居住区的热/风舒适度，营建健康宜居的住区环境。