全海水润滑深海浮力调节海水泵关键技术研究

Deep sea buoyance adjustment seawater pump is the key component of large depth underwater vehicles(UVs), for adjusting UVs’ buoyance according to need. In order to serve the urgent demand of UVs for maintenance-free, high power density and environment-friendly seawater pumps, research on key technology of deep sea buoyance adjustment seawater pump lubricated by seawater was conducted, based on the buoyance adjustment seawater pump with oil-water separated structure. In terms of the open-type system of seawater buoyance adjustment system, the sand characteristics of natural seawater, deep sea high pressure environment and bi-directional loading characteristics of water injection and discharging condition, the influence of environment pressure, load, speed, material, structure and morphology on friction, abrasion, corrosion, vibration and noise of key matching pairs under seawater lubrication was studied through theoretical and experimental methods. Therefore, the materials, structure, and technology of key matching pairs of seawater pump could be determined and obtained. Taking account of the difference of water characteristic under different ocean depth, the deformation of structures under high pressure and the bearing characteristic of matching pairs underwater injection and discharging condition, the performance varying model with multiple parameters of seawater pump was set up. The performance changing law of seawater pump was also revealed in theory. Relevant parameters were optimized, and the prototype was designed and manufactured. In addition, the design theories were verified and improved by land surface experiments and full condition simulated experiments.

深海海水浮力调节海水泵是大深度潜器的关键元件，用于潜器的浮力自适应调节。本项目面对深海潜器对海水泵长航免维护、高功率密度、环境友好的迫切需求，在油水分离式浮力调节海水泵的研究基础上，开展全海水润滑深海浮力调节海水泵关键技术的研究。针对海水浮力调节系统为开式系统、天然海水悬沙特性、深海高压环境、注/排水双向载荷特点，通过理论和试验相结合的方法研究水泵关键配对副在悬沙海水润滑条件下，不同海深压力、载荷、速度、材料、结构、形貌等因素对摩擦、磨损、腐蚀、振动和噪声的影响。从而确定全海水润滑海水泵的关键配对副的材料、工艺和结构。考虑不同海深环境下海水介质的理化特性、高压环境下结构的形变特征、注排水工况、配对副的摩擦承载特性，建立海水泵多参数耦合的性能迁移模型。从理论上揭示全海水润滑海水泵的性能变化规律，并完成参数的优化和样机的制造。通过水面试验和全工况试验验证和完善设计理论。

面向深海装备对全海水超高压海水泵的工程需求，在高压悬沙海水润滑摩擦副的减阻抗磨防腐耐压、低粘度水介质界面润滑与高效密封、水压元件深海形性迁移规律和耐压设计方法与理论三个方面开展了系统研究。.1）深海水润滑高速重载低阻抗磨防腐耐压摩擦副研究.A. 研制出可模拟全深度超高压环境的摩擦磨损与腐蚀试验台，可以用于测量深海高压环境下配对副的摩擦力、磨损、腐蚀及磨损腐蚀相互作用，为配对副的摩擦及界面失效机理研究奠定了设备基础。.B.发现WCCoCr金属陶瓷涂层的磨损和腐蚀是其界面失效主要机理，对高速重载副磨损占比超80%，指导摩擦副设计与寿命预测。.C. 利用Cr元素在水中易形成钝化膜而添加于传统硬质合金增加涂层耐蚀性，基于Si基与水发生微量化学反应形成易剪切化学膜，研制具有低阻抗磨防腐耐压的配对副，为深海高性能水压元件重载摩擦副设计奠定了基础。.2）超高压低粘度水介质润滑与高效动密封技术研究.A. 建立海水泵润滑与发热模型，通过理论与试验确定润滑介质最小流量，发明螺旋沟槽自循环水润滑轴承，辅之泵轴集成润滑冷却泵，利用低压水介质用于润滑冷却，实现海水泵长时间免维护。 .B. 通过理论与试验研究万米深渊高压环境下不同结构高分子材料密封件的失效机理，得出适应深海极端工况密封件结构和压缩量，实现密封件长时间可靠工作。.3）深海高外压极端环境海水液压元件耐压设计方法与理论.A. 综合考虑深海低温高压环境精密间隙微观形变、工作介质性变建立多参数耦合模型，通过理论计算与试验得出了海水液压泵高压极端环境的元件形性迁移规律，为深海高性能海水液压元件的设计提供理论依据。.B. 基于水液压元件深海形性变化规律，发明了局部补偿、材料抗压和余量容让的深海超高压海水元件“补+抗+让”形性控制复合耐压设计方法，耐压深度达144MPa。.研制的海水泵应用到“奋斗者号”全海深载人潜水器，随潜器已零故障下潜200余次。