作为设计方法的湘西农村自建住宅自适应机制研究

Self-help housing has constituted the base of the rural living environment in China, which forms the settlements with self-organizing characteristics. The law of its spontaneous evolution to adapt to the environment has not been revealed, and is lack of appropriate design method. The self-help system that is lack of guidance and control is difficult to adapt to current suddenly changing environment through short-term evolution, causing problems such as messy look, environmental pollution, resources waste in the rural construction. This study, under the research framework of complex adaptability theory, researches the phenomenon of self-building at different locations and different development stages in western Hunan, through the research in four aspects of self-help single building synergy mechanism, self-help single building iterative optimization process, multi-factor complex mechanism in the process of self-building, and villages overall pattern self-adaptability, realizes the self-help settlements self-adaptive mechanism modeling and reveals the law that the local active adaptive behavior of self-help unit promotes the overall self-adaptive evolution of settlements. On this basis, existing mutual-aid self-help guidance and control experiences are evaluated, screened and combined; a design intervention experiment is implemented in typical villages in western Hunan. Achieve the goal of "Local Effect, Overall Controlled" through using the law of rural self-adaptive system, setting evolution conditions and paths as well as controlling the evolutionary driving force and initial conditions, forming an integrated design method suitable for China's national conditions of rural living environment system and elements, and promoting the development of rural living environment.

自建住宅构成了我国乡村人居环境的基底，聚落具有自组织特征，其自发演变适应环境的规律尚未揭示，设计方法缺失。缺乏导控的自建体系难以通过短期演变适应当下突变的环境，造成乡村建设中风貌破坏、环境污染、资源浪费等困境。本研究在复杂适应性理论框架下研究湘西地区不同区位及发展阶段的自建现象，通过自建单体协同作用机制、自建单体迭代优化过程、自建过程中多影响因子复杂作用机制、村落整体形态自适应性四个部分研究，实现对自建聚落自适应机制的建模，揭示自建单体局部的主动适应行为推动聚落整体自适应演化的规律。在此基础上，对既有互助自建导控经验进行评价、筛选、组合；在湘西典型村落实施设计干预实验。应用乡村自建体系自适应规律，通过对演化条件、路径的设置以及演化动力、初始条件的控制，实现"局部导控、整体受控"目标，形成适于我国国情的乡村人居环境体系及要素的综合设计方法，推进乡村人居环境发展。

本课题旨在揭示自建聚落及其单体生成演化的规律，总结设计方法，推动湘西地区乡村地区的发展。目前，通过对怀化、湘西自治州、隆回、辰溪等地，20余处村落的实地调研测绘，完成了在复杂适应性理论框架下对湘西地区不同区位及发展阶段自建的现象研究，并通过其演化机制（空间理性、自纠错原理）、协同原理（自相似原理、长短程协同原理）、适应过程（渐变与突变）的总结，揭示了湘西自建住宅自适应过程中的理性法则，阐释了自发建造聚落的生成与演化规律。在此基础上，本项目将上述原理转化为1）乡村建设的模块化系统解决方案、2）短程可变因素导控技术、3）基于特定空间品质把控的住宅自建导控、4）基于空间理性的乡村住宅导控等设计方法，并在湘西隆回、通道等地的乡村设计实践中予以应用验证。本课题研究成果进一步揭示了地域性聚落自下而上自组织演化的规律，总结出建筑师介入乡村人居环境自组织发展的适宜方法，在湘西乡村发展中起到积极作用，完成了课题要求的研究工作。研究成果有助于激发农户的内生动力，提高群众参与的积极性，提升乡村建设的工作效率；加强国家乡村建设资金的使用效率与投放精准度，具有一定的实用价值。本研究成果已经总结为专著一本，期刊论文9篇，会议论文10篇，在10次学术会议上宣讲，指导完成硕士论文19篇，并在省级电视台、日报上多次宣传报道，有较好的社会价值。