平衡开发与保护下的不同水文气候区不同等级河流关键生态水文特征指标研究

River eco-hydrological indicators are widespread concerned by researchers both at home and abroad, however, there are few studies on eco-hydrological indicators for rivers with different magnitudes of catchment in different hydrologic-climatic regions. Faced with the current grim situation of river basin management in China, it is one of significant issues in the filed of River Hydrology to deal with the relationship between development and protection of water resources. From the perspective of river ecological protection, and according to theories in Ecohydrology, and methods of mathematical statistics and data mining technology based on grey relational analysis, this project was intended to study the key ecologically significant hydrological indicators for rivers with different catchments in different hydrologic-climatic regions in China. With the aim of maintaining healthy river ecosystem through protecting major hydrological characteristics, the ecological significances of various hydrological indicators for different types of rivers have been explored through analyses of hydrological characteristics of each of the typical rivers and their relevancies with ecological characteristics of the river. In addition, considering the integration of rules of ecological significance and relative independence for indicators, and trying to adapt to the river development condition, a hierarchical model of key hydrological indicator system based on the river ecosystem protection has been built. Accordingly, key eco-hydrological indicators have been determined for each of the different typical rivers. Results provide theoretical supports for water management and ecological protection for rivers with different magnitudes of catchment in different hydrologic-climatic regions, especially for those with lack of ecological monitoring data.

尽管河流生态水文指标受到国内外学者的广泛关注，但是对于不同水文气候区不同流域面积等级河流的生态水文指标研究还很少见。在当前我国江河流域治理面临的严峻形势下，处理好水资源开发与保护的关系是河流水文学领域的一项重要课题。本项目基于河流生态保护的角度，采用生态水文学的理念和数理统计方法及基于灰色关联分析的信息挖掘技术，以中国不同水文气候区不同流域面积等级的典型河流为对象，通过分析不同类型河流的水文特征及其与河流生态特征之间的关联性，揭示水文特征参数的生态学意义及其在不同类型河流生态保护中的不同重要性；综合考虑具有重要生态意义及指标间相对独立的准则，构建适应于河流开发条件下基于生态系统保护的关键生态水文特征指标体系层次结构模型，为不同类型河流确定关键生态水文特征指标。实现通过保护河流水文特征来维系河流生态系统健康的目的。研究结果可为我国不同水文气候区不同等级河流的水资源管理和生态保护提供理论支持。

当前我国江河流域治理和水资源保护面临的形势严峻，本项目即是在此背景下基于流域开发与保护平衡理念进行的不同水文气候区不同等级河流关键生态水文特征指标研究。围绕研究目标，通过一系列的理论探索和案例应用，系统深入地研究了不同类型河流水文特征的差异性及与河流生态特征之间的关联性。基于水文过程要素的多维度统计分析，研究了不同类型河流生态系统保护对水文特征的需求；基于工程生态学视角和景观生态学原理研究了河流水资源开发与河流生态系统保护之间的适应关系并构建了河流生态系统连通性评价模型，提出了河流水资源开发利用的保护准则和修建水库准则；基于水文统计参数与生态特征之间关系分析挖掘了河流水文参数的生态学意义，提出了“很多水文统计参数不但是重要的水文统计指标也是重要的生物学指标”的观点和“可通过保护河流水文特征来维系河流生态系统健康”的观点，认为具有生态学意义的水文统计参数可用于指导河流生态条件的一般性评价或者预测河流生态系统的生态响应，对于那些具有长期流量监测资料而无生态监测资料的地区河流生态评价具有重要意义；基于不同水文特征参数在不同类型河流生态保护中的不同重要性，确定了不同类型河流适应于河流开发条件下基于生态系统保护的关键生态水文特征指标；针对我国南方小型河流的水文-生态响应关系分析，揭示了水利工程运行导致径流变化规律改变对底栖动物群落物种组成的影响规律；针对我国西北和东北地区典型河流的水文气象变化特征，探明了水利工程开发对河流生态水文情势的影响规律；最后，基于平衡开发与保护理念提出了河流在水利开发时应该遵循的科学理念，并对典型河流的水资源开发原则提出了建议。研究成果具有较大的学术理论价值和应用前景，可为河流生态需水研究和水资源保护研究提供科学依据，为工程影响背景下如何平衡河流的开发与保护提供新的研究思路。特别地，对于具有长期流量监测资料而无生态监测资料地区的河流生态评价具有重要指导意义。