中国遗物祭品焚烧有害大气污染物排放特征

Due to the loose of emission standard of air pollutants for sacrifice burning, resulting its high emission level and poor control efficiency by removing air pollutants. Combined with the high volume of sacrificial burning, air pollution problem rising from sacrificial burning was concerned. Therefore, carrying out the investigation on atmospheric emission characteristics and environmental effects of sacrificial burning is urgent. Based on the actual monitoring and laboratory analysis, our study will build the local emission factors of fine particulate and its chemical constituents, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gaseous pollutants which can reflect the realized emission status of Chinese northern and southern sacrificial burning for the first time, to fully understanding of the emission characteristics of hazardous air pollutants from sacrifice burning. Meanwhile, the emission factor method is used to establish a bottom-up emission inventory of hazardous air pollutants from sacrifice burning, for supplementing and improving the national emission inventory of crematory. Finally, atmospheric diffusion model (ADMS-Urban) will used to quantify the impact of sacrificial burning on the surrounding atmospheric environment and human health, so as to provide scientific basis and basic data support for the formulation of sacrificial incineration and discharge control measures for civil and environmental authorities which has great significance in improving air quality and protecting the health of residents.

遗物祭品焚烧由于排放标准相对宽松，导致污染控制水平较低，再加上居高不下的遗物祭品焚烧量，使得遗物祭品焚烧大气污染问题突出，受到社会的广泛关注。因此，开展基于实测的遗物祭品焚烧大气排放特征及环境效应研究迫在眉睫。本研究利用抽样和统计分析等方法，建立遗物祭品焚烧排放源实测筛选方法；基于现场实际监测和实验室分析，首次系统构建反映我国南北方遗物祭品焚烧细颗粒物及化学组分、VOCs化学组分、气态污染物实际排放水平的本地化排放因子集，掌握其有害大气污染物排放特征；采用排放因子法，建立自下而上的遗物祭品焚烧有害大气污染物排放清单，补充和完善全国火葬场大气污染物排放清单；选择典型的南北方地区，利用大气扩散模型，定量模拟研究遗物祭品焚烧对周边大气环境影响，从而为民政、环境主管部门制定遗物祭品焚烧排放标准及污染控制对策提供科学依据和基础数据支持，对改善空气质量、保障居民身体健康意义重大。

遗物祭品焚烧在中国作为一种风俗习惯普遍存在，也是一类被忽略的大气污染源。为系统地识别中国祭品焚烧污染排放特征，量化其排放水平对周边大气环境的影响，本研究对20台遗物祭品焚烧炉开展污染排放的实际监测，掌握其颗粒物、气态污染物排放水平，产出本地化的排放因子。结合基于统计获取的活动水平数据，得到2009~2019年中国遗物祭品焚烧主要大气污染物排放变化，补充和更新了中国火葬场大气污染物排放清单。同时利用ADMS-Urban对中国南北方典型城市（北京市、福州市）遗物祭品焚烧对周边环境影响进行模拟。结果表明：未经净化处理的遗物祭品焚烧炉污染排放水平较高，比火化机高于数倍，净化装置对其颗粒物的去除效果比较显著。2009~2019年中国遗物祭品焚烧大气污染物排放总量呈先上升后下降的趋势，受焚烧量和净化装置安装的双重影响，遗物祭品焚烧对周边环境影响明显，最大落地浓度通常发生在污染源的0.12~0.2 km，主要对场馆内出入人员及周边距离较近的居民造成影响。未来还需要进一步从源头上减少焚烧量，加强污染控制装置的安装和运行维护。