氢键在非硫化矿浮选药剂的起泡与消泡机理研究中的作用

Considerations on key factors of whether the flotation collectors of non-sulfide ores can be successfully applied to the flotation process are emphasized not only on interactions between active sites of polar groups and target minerals (collecting performance), but also on the foaming properties or foamability of the collectors, which are impactful on collecting indicators. Upon studying on all flotation collectors of non-sulfide ores, it has been observed that all of these collectors possess foaming properties to a varying degree (foams are either sticky or brittle) and N-H or O-H group is present in all of their molecular structures. Both group are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Foaming and defoaming mechanism of the flotation reagents is therefore reviewed for the first time with a new perspective on the H-bond forming conditions and on testing of bond strength. Various testing methods are used including FTIR, XPS, AFM and MSl to seek out inherent patterns between the molecular structure and foaming properties, and to investigate the correlation between the bond strength of H-bond in molecular structure and the foaming properties so as to determine the role of h-bond playing in foaming mechanism. In the meantime, the research is also undertaken by applying such theories as electrostatic adsorption, valence-bond theory, and crystal and ligand field theory to further illustrate the physiochemical nature of the collecting properties and foaming properties of flotation collectors of non-sulfide ores so as to elucidate the foaming and defoaming mechanism of flotation collectors for the non-sulfide ores. This research carries important theoretical significance to development and industrial application of new type of floatation collectors for non-sulfide ores.

非硫化矿浮选捕收剂能否成功用于浮选的主要因素不仅仅是其极性基与目的矿物活性位点间的相互作用（捕收性能），该捕收剂的起泡性能也是影响其捕收指标的关键因素。纵观所有非硫化矿浮选捕收剂，发现其自身都不同程度也具有起泡性能且分子结构中都含有N-H或者O-H基团，而这些基团均为能形成氢键的基团；因此首次从氢键形成条件及其氢键强弱检测角度重新审视浮选捕收剂的起泡与消泡机理。采用红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、原子力显微镜、MS模拟等手段检测浮选药剂分子结构与起泡性能之间的内在规律，考察浮选药剂分子结构中氢键的强弱与起泡性能之间的对应关系，从而确定氢键在起泡机理中的地位与作用；再结合静电吸附、价键理论、价层电子对互斥理论及晶体场理论研究非硫化矿浮选药剂捕收性能与起泡性能的物理化学本质，阐明非硫化矿浮选药剂起泡与消泡机理，该研究对新型非硫化矿浮选药剂的开发及其工业化应用具有重要理论意义。

针对非硫化矿浮选过程中出现的泡沫过粘（泡沫不消泡、易跑槽溢出）或过脆（泡沫消泡太快、泡沫不带矿）等问题，分别在气-液两相、气-液-固三相体系下对十余种浮选药剂的泡沫性能进行了表征，对泡沫形成与衰变过程的机理及构效关系进行了分析研究，探明了浮选捕收剂泡沫的起泡与消泡机制。得出以下研究成果：. 在实验室建立了各种浮选药剂起泡性能表征方法，如泡沫大小与分布、泡沫层厚度、泡沫的稳定性、泡沫回水率等起泡剂的性能表征方法。建立了一种即可行又方便的非硫化矿浮选药剂分子间氢键作用的协同检测方法。对浮选起泡剂如含-OH醇类、含=O和-OH脂肪酸及其改性类、含伯胺或仲胺基类、既含=O和-OH又含伯胺或仲胺基的两性类等几大类浮选药剂进行药剂分子结构表征，同时进行了全面的起泡性能检测。系统地检测不同极性基药剂、不同极性基数目药剂等药剂的起泡性能差异与极性基结构差异之间的关系；对比研究了浮选药剂分子结构与起泡性能之间的构效关系。进行了三相体系下的起泡与消泡性能检测试验，如泡沫大小分布、泡沫层厚度、泡沫的稳定性、泡沫回水率、单位体积泡沫带矿量等指标的检测；同时进行了为研究起泡与消泡机理而设计的深度检测试验，如药剂与矿物作用前后的表面张力、接触角、Zeta电位、XPS、AFM力曲线等检测；进行了矿物与药剂的作用能种类大小计算，在此过程中重点考察了氢键在药剂分子间缔合成泡过程中的作用与地位；建立了浮选药剂起泡与消泡能力的可调控机制。最终探明了浮选过程三相体系中分子缔合或吸附的物理化学本质，完善浮选药剂分子结构设计理论中关于药剂的起泡与消泡动态平衡的本质因素的内容，实现了起泡或者消泡过程的可调控。研究成果在鞍钢矿业公司齐大山分公司进行了工业化应用，取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益；发表学术论文35篇，出版专著1部，获国家科技进步二等奖1项，获批国家发明专利2项，培养博士生1名、硕士生6名，按计划完成了科学研究、学术交流与人才培养等任务。