As the primary mode in the utilization of desert grassland, grazing has significant influence on stability of desert ecosystem. Extensive research suggests that overgrazing is the most important cause of grassland degradation and desertification. An obvious example is the piosphere, which means the different grazing and trampling gradients of livestock around areas of the water points, and result in the radial degradation of grassland ecosystem along a gradient from the water points. This phenomenon is widespread in China's arid and semi-arid grassland, including Xinjiang. Since Lange put forward this concept in 1969, piosphere got more and more attentions, and especially in recent 10 years. Many scientists studied the ecological processes and phenomenons under the different gazing gradients and distances from the water points within piopheres. However, the current studies on piosphere effects most focus on the changes of plant communities, neglect the researches on soil seed banks. Up to now a few researches on this subject in China were limited to qualitative description which lack of quantitive studies. So the objective of this program is to determine the patterns and changes of plant communities and soil seed banks within piospheres in desert grassland of the north slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. By analyzing composition, distribution and primary productivity of plant communities and soil seed banks within piospheres, we hope to quantify the impact of piosphere effect on ecological process in desert ecosystem,test the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, reveal the mechanisms of degradation succession in desert grassland, and provide a theoretical basis for ecological management and restoration of deteriorated grassland.
放牧对荒漠生态系统稳定性有重要影响,过度放牧是导致草地退化和荒漠化的最重要诱因。一个明显的表现就是在荒漠草原上形成大量以水源点或牧民定居点为中心的明显的草地退化梯度,即水源圈,这一现象在包括新疆在内的中国干旱半干旱草原也普遍存在。自Lange于1969年提出这一概念开始,水源圈现象受到愈来愈多的关注,近10来开始成为一个研究热点,许多学者利用水源圈研究了不同放牧梯度、不同放牧距离下各种生态过程与现象的变化。然而目前关于水源圈效应的研究主要侧重于对植物群落的影响,忽略了对土壤种子库的研究,而且目前国内关于水源圈的研究仍停留在对现象的定性描述,缺乏定量化的研究。因此,本项目以天山北坡荒漠草地为研究对象,分析水源圈效应对土壤种子库和地上植被的影响,探讨水源圈内土壤种子库与地上植被的基本特征和相互关系,验证中度干扰假说,揭示荒漠草地退化演替过程,从而为退化草地的生态治理和恢复提供理论依据。
近年来,由于土地利用政策的变化和牧民定居工程的实施,定居放牧成为主要的放牧方式,从而形成大量以水源点为中心的退化斑块-水源圈。本项目分析了新疆北部荒漠草地水源圈效应对荒漠草地土壤种子库和地上植物群落的影响。. 研究发现水源内土壤存在明显的退化梯度。与水源点距离由近及远(50 m,100 m,200 m,400 m,800 m和1200 m),随着放牧强度的降低,土壤紧实度明显降低,而土壤含水量无显著变化。土壤电导率、pH、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷含量与水源点距离呈显著正相关关系。. 在冬末春初进行土壤种子库采样,而后开展萌发实验。结果表明:水源圈内土壤种子库密度(211.5~362.5粒•m-2)与水源点距离存在正相关关系。土壤种子库共有8科17种植物,以藜科和菊科为主。其中一年生植物10种,多年生草本植物7种。离水源点圈越近,土壤种子库的物种数量显著增加,一年生草本植物种数所占比例减小,多年生草本植物种数所占比例增大,多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数增大。. 5月底至6月初的植物群落调查发现:由远及近,随着放牧强度的增加,植物群落呈现明显梯度变化,水源点附近地上植物群落趋于退化。建群植物博洛塔绢蒿优势度逐渐降低,一年生植物物种丰富度和有毒植物骆驼蓬优势度逐渐增加;群落总盖度和博洛塔绢蒿的盖度逐渐降低。地上植物群落与土壤种子库相似性系数变化范围为0.36~0.81,且与水源点距离存在明显的负相关关系。. 综上,随着放牧强度升高,土壤种子库物种数量增加,地上植物群落种数增加,二者之间的相似度增加。但土壤种子库中的种子并不能很快的发育成稳定的植物群落。建群植物-博洛塔绢蒿在研究区更倾向于无性繁殖,这只有在相对稳定的环境中才能发挥更新功能,而水源圈内频繁的放牧干扰则会损害这种更新功能。因此,以一年生植物为主的土壤种子库不可避免的会降低研究区地上植物群落的恢复潜力,在这一地区开展游牧民定居会导致水源圈大量出现,这可能加剧荒漠草地的退化。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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