糯玉米籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性对水分胁迫响应的基因型差异及调控效应

Water stress (drought or waterlogging) is the key factor that affect the maize grain yield and starch quality. Using a negative pressure water supplying and controlling device that to continuous and precise control soil moisture regime, the genotypic differences for waxy maize grain yield and starch pasting properties response to water stress during grain formation stage (from pollination to 15 days after it) were studied. Using the typical varieties (drought-resistent, drought-sensitive, waterlogging-resistent, and waterlogging-sensitive, respectively) as material, the effects of water stress at different period (full grown stage-anthesis stage, anthesis stage-silking stage, and grain formation stage, respectively) and different water stress degrees (mild, moderate, and severe stress, respectively) on the grain yield and starch pasting properties were studied. With the assistant field experiments of irrigate at different stages and frequency, the physiological properties and regulation mechanism were clarified for water stress on grain yield and starch pasting properties in the research, and the results could afford scientific basis for water saving and anti-adversity cultivation, and improve grain yield and starch quality of waxy maize.

水分胁迫（干旱或渍水）是影响玉米籽粒产量和淀粉品质的关键因子。用负水头供水控水盆栽装置持续精确控制土壤含水量，研究糯玉米籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性对籽粒建成期（授粉～授粉后15天）水分胁迫响应的基因型差异；对代表性品种（耐旱、不耐旱、耐渍、不耐渍）研究不同时期（大喇叭口～抽雄期、抽雄～吐丝期、籽粒建成期）水分胁迫和不同水分胁迫强度（轻度、中度和重度胁迫）对籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响，结合大田灌溉辅助试验，探明糯玉米籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性对水分胁迫响应的生理特征及其调控效应，为糯玉米节水抗逆、高产优质栽培提供理论和技术依据。

开花前后水分胁迫（干旱或渍水）显著减少糯玉米籽粒数量，降低籽粒重量，进而导致产量损失，且损失以籽粒建成期干旱胁迫较大。随着籽粒建成期干旱胁迫程度加重，产量损失逐渐增加。结实期水分胁迫（干旱或渍水）使糯玉米粉峰值黏度、崩解值和回复值下降，且降幅干旱大于渍水；糯玉米淀粉峰值黏度受干旱影响较小但在渍水处理下显著降低，崩解值在干旱或渍水处理下均显著下降，且降幅渍水处理下较高。糯玉米粉和淀粉糊化特性对结实期水分胁迫的响应品种间有显著差异，这为根据需要选择品种提供了参考。不同阶段水分胁迫处理下，糯玉米粉糊化特性除糊化温度外，其他各指标在不同阶段水分胁迫处理下均显著降低，且籽粒建成期干旱胁迫下降幅最大。不同阶段水分胁迫下，糯玉米淀粉峰值黏度和崩解值在籽粒建成期渍水处理下显著升高，其他处理下显著下降。不同干旱胁迫程度显著降低糯玉米粉糊化特性的各指标（除糊化温度）；而糯玉米淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和崩解值仅在中度和重度干旱处理下显著降低，糊化温度仅在轻度干旱处理下显著降低。因此，生产中应根据需要选择耐旱和耐渍品种，通过调整播期避开后期水分胁迫，达到高产优质的生产目标。项目共发表论文19篇（SCI收录9篇），获得奖项2项，培养博士研究生2人、硕士研究生7人。