基于生态系统服务价值的非点源污染控制措施评价与优选方法研究

The control of non-point source pollution has already become a hot topic and challenge both in China and abroad, and the measure optimization is the key of controlling non-point source pollution. However, the measures of optimizing methods lack of various measures to the study of non-point source pollution control process. In this project, the control and service of non-point source pollution are taken as the research object, which are on the basis of ecological system structure, process, and service. The ecosystem structures and processes of different ecosystem types are investigated, and the related hydrology, sediment and the coupling mechanisms of pollutant migration and transformation are also studied. The aims are to explore the ecological process mechanism of the control and service of non-point source pollution. With the support of ArcGIS, the model based on the structure and process would be built, which is used to evaluate the service quality of non-point source pollution control. According to the model simulation and scenario analysis technology, the service value of non-point source control under different situation could be evaluated, and the optimal control plan of non-point source pollution would be obtained. In this study, a method study for evaluation optimized selection of non-point pollution management practices based on ecosystem service is built. The results will provide scientific data for watershed management and the sustainable development of ecosystem services.

非点源污染控制已成为国内外关注的热点和难点问题，措施优选是非点源污染控制的最终落脚点。而目前措施优选方法缺乏控制措施对非点源污染控制过程机理研究。针对这一问题，本研究视非点源污染控制为生态系统一项服务，以生态系统格局-过程-服务为基础，分析流域生态系统格局-过程与非点源污染控制相关的水文、泥沙和污染物迁移转化过程的耦合机制，揭示生态系统的非点源污染控制服务的生态过程机理；以ArcGIS空间分析工具为技术支持，构建基于格局和过程的生态系统的非点源污染控制服务物质量评估模型；通过模型模拟与情景分析技术评价不同非点源控制配置情景下生态系统的非点源污染控制服务价值并选择最优的非点源污染控制措施配置；最终提出一套基于生态系统服务价值的非点源污染控制措施评价与优选方法。研究结果有助于合理高效配置非点源污染控制措施并为生态系统服务可持续发展提供科学依据。

本项目紧密结合流域生态文明建设的背景，从生态系统服务的角度出发，以生态系统服务的生态学机制为理论基础，以生态系统格局-过程-服务为主线，在生态系统的非点源污染控制服务与生态系统格局-过程的相互作用和定量关系基础上，提出以生态系统服务功能为约束的流域非点源污染控制措施进行评价和优选方法。研究的主要结论如下：.（1）视非点源污染控制为生态系统一项服务，以生态系统格局-过程-服务为基础，分析流域生态系统格局-过程与非点源污染控制相关的水文、泥沙和污染物迁移转化过程的耦合机制，揭示了生态系统的非点源污染控制服务的生态过程机理。.（2）以HSPF模型为技术手段，动态模拟了伊逊河流域的1998-2009的污染负荷，并估算了畜禽养殖、化肥施用和生活非点源污染负荷对流域非点源污染负荷的贡献率。.（3）以ArcGIS空间分析工具为技术支持，构建了基于格局和过程的生态系统的非点源污染控制服务物质量评估模型，并计算了流域生态系统的产品供给和土壤保持量两项服务功能的物质量。.（4）耦合HSPF模型和生态系统服务功能评估模型，通过模型模拟与情景分析技术评价了不同非点源控制情景下生态系统的非点源污染控制服务价值，构建了生态系统服务功能约束下，流域非点源污染控制措施方案优选函数，提出了一套基于生态系统服务价值的非点源污染控制措施评价与优选方法。.（5）以伊逊河流域为例，应用构建的模型和方法推荐了两种非点源污染控制措施的组合方案，为流域非点源污染管理提供科学支撑。.