联合收获下蓖麻蒴果振动采摘特性与采摘机构原理研究

Castor is a kind of oil plant with regional feature in Inner Mongolia. Because of its special botanical characteristics, the mechanized harvesting of its fruit becomes a difficult problem. Therefore, it is significant to study the mechanized harvesting method and loss mechanism of castor. In this project, material properties of castor stems, biomechanical properties of carpopodium and the space structure of castor plant are obtained through experiments. Then the vibration type fruit seedlings separation device of harvester is designed by using vibration harvesting theory and method. And the loss forms of castor fruits are analyzed. The characteristics of the main modes of each order in the frequency range of the vibratory picker and typical modes of vibration are acquired via experimental modal analysis and finite element modal analysis. In addition, the force relation between castor stem, fruits and vibration parts as well as the rule of space movement of fruits after falling are analyzed. Then its dynamic model is established. Let harvest loss rate of castor be response indicator. The response surface methodology is applied to optimize the structural parameters of each working parts of castor vibratory picker, select reasonable materials, determine the best principle of vibration harvesting and reveal the influence rule between each factor in harvesting process. The full performance optimization algorithm is used to consider the design method of castor vibration harvester. The parameter deformation is designed in the key parts of harvester, and then the prototype is completed to verify the theoretical rationality. This research is helpful to the breakthrough of the method and principle of the castor mechanized harvesting in China.

蓖麻是内蒙古地区具有区域特色的油料作物，由于其特殊的植物学特性，使其果实机械化采收成为难题，研究蓖麻机械化收获方法与损失机理意义重大。课题通过试验得到蓖麻茎杆物料特性、果柄生物力学性能及蓖麻植株空间结构，运用振动收获理论与方法，设计收获机振击式果秧分离装置，分析蓖麻蒴果采摘损失形式；通过试验模态分析和有限元模态分析，获得振动采摘器的频率范围内各阶主要模态的特性与主要工作部件的典型振型,进而分析蓖麻杆、蓖麻蒴果与振动部件的受力关系及果实脱落后的空间运动规律，并建立其动力学模型；以蓖麻收获损失率为响应指标，应用响应曲面分析法，优化蓖麻振击采摘各工作部件结构参数并合理选材，确定最佳振击收获原理并揭示收获过程各因素间的影响规律；采用全性能优化算法探讨蓖麻振击收获割台的设计方法，对振击采摘关键部件进行参数变形设计，完成样机开发以验证理论合理性。本项目的研究有助于我国蓖麻机械收获方法与原理的突破。

蓖麻是内蒙古地区具有区域特色的油料作物，特殊的国际形式下更是国防的重要战略资源。由于其品种间特殊的植物学特性差异较大，使其果实机械化采收成为难题，不合理的收获方法对其收获采摘的损失达到10%以上，直接影响蓖麻的种植效益，严重影响蓖麻产业的发展。.为揭示蓖麻采摘及采摘损失的发生机理，探索物料学、机构学特性及其采摘过程的运动学和动力学的影响规律，从基础上解决不同品种蓖麻采收的损失问题，项目研究了蓖麻采收过程的各类损失形式，蓖麻植株、蒴果、茎秆在采摘过程中的运动学和动力学规律，建立典型的蓖麻果实与茎秆分离的静力学与动力学模型及含水率等对收获采摘损失的影响；试验研究了收获采摘部件结构参数、速度等对蓖麻采摘的作用力性质和损失规律，建立了相应的数学模型；系统地将蓖麻植株及蒴果等生物力学特性、分离的动态分析与损失机理、采摘原理与新型机构等研究结合起来，确定了新型蓖麻收获机采摘装置和关键部件结构与各主要参数；研制出蓖麻振击式采摘装置并进行蓖麻采收的多因素试验研究；确定了影响采摘机构工作性能的各主要因素及其影响规律，并在此基础上进行采摘装置的优化研究；研制出的振击式蓖麻收获机采收损失率小于6%，并具有较强的品种适应性。.项目研究揭示了蓖麻采摘与收获损失的机理，探明了其主要影响因素及规律，从而说明了蓖麻采摘过程的损失发生原因、主要的影响因素的影响原因、从机构学角度实现蓖麻的顺利采摘等科学问题；在此研究基础上，进行了新型振击式蓖麻收获机的发明创制、蓖麻采摘试验系统的构建与试验。项目研究成果对解决蓖麻采摘损失问题具有重要的理论意义和应用前景，项目研究方法对其他类似机械研究也具有参考价值。