我国砖石建筑遗产的古锈（patina）保护研究

Patina is a specific term widely used in the international field of cultural heritage conservation. This term refers to all kinds of change marks and characteristics on the heritage materials surface caused by the interactions between the heritage materials and natural or human environments through the long passage of time, which demonstrating and providing special historic, cultural and aesthetic meanings and historic senses that unique to tangible heritages.This unique patina expresses itself most obviously on the masonry heritage, and it is also the key point for the treatment of this kind of heritage which filled with difficulties.This research will be based on the examination of the history-culture evolution of the idea of patina and its artistic nature. Thus firstly, in the theory level, we can demonstrate the special values of historical testimony and artistic aesthetics that masonry patina deserved; secondly,in the functional level, we can clear the dialectical relationship between patina and various symptoms of "material pathologies". On these bases, we will establish a criterion system for the cleaning or conservation of our masonry heritage, which is not only meets our conservation conditions and needs, but also gears our treatments of masonry heritage to the international conventions. And finally, with various experimental verification methods, we will develope and provide practical methods which relevant to the cleaning and conservation of our masonry heritage. This research will introduce the special concept of patina which has been widely used in the international field of cultural heritage conservation, and explore the special history-aesthetics values which provided uniquely by the "second history" of architectural heritage; so as to effectively reinforce and change our understanding of "original appearance" of architectural heritage, to clarify the defects and ambiguities of the notion of "repair old as old" in theory, and to prevent the large number of meaninglessly refurbishments for our architectural heritage, which through these popular treatments, these heritages can not provide deserved aesthetic pleasures again, although they might be credible in the documentary viewpoint, but people's experience about them just likes fakes.

古锈（patina）是国际文化遗产保护界广为应用的一个特殊概念，指的是在漫长的时光流逝中，遗产的构成材料与自然或人为环境相互作用而获得的各种有特殊历史、文化与审美意义，并赋予有形遗产特有历史感的变化痕迹特征。古锈在砖石建筑遗产中体现的最为明显，也是这类遗产处理的重点与难点。本课题拟在研究古锈概念历史-文化流变与审美本质的基础上，在理论上揭示砖石古锈之所以具有种种价值的内在机制，在功能上廓清古锈与各种"材料病理"症状的辩证关系；从而建立起一套与国际保护标准接轨、且适用于我国砖石古锈清理与保护的评判体系，并通过各种实验验证方式得出相应的技术处理方法。本研究将引入国际通行的保护概念，探究建筑遗产"第二历史"所特有的历史-美学价值，弥补我们对遗产"原貌"的认识不足，澄清"整修如旧"观念在理论认识上的歧义，在理论和实践上有助于防止我国目前流行的种种无法引起审美愉悦的、"真赛假式"的保护处理。

本课题引入了国际文化遗产保护界广为应用的一个特殊概念：古锈（patina），用于特指遗产的构成材料在漫长的时光流逝中，即遗产的“第二历史”中，与自然或人为环境相互作用而获得的各种有特殊历史、文化与审美意义，并赋予有形遗产特有历史感的变化痕迹特征。在各种建筑遗产中，古锈在砖石建筑遗产中体现得最为明显，不仅是最值得尊重与保护，也是实践中最可能保护下来的特征。本课题基于研究古锈概念的历史、文化流变与审美本质，（一）在理论上揭示砖石古锈之所以具有种种价值的内在机制，（二）在功能上廓清古锈与各种“材料病理”症状的辩证关系；从而有助于建立起一套与国际保护标准接轨、且适用于我国砖石古锈清理与保护的评判体系，（三）通过各种实验验证方式初步提出了相应的技术处理方法。长期以来，我国的建筑遗产保护界对于建筑遗产“第二历史”特有的历史和美学价值缺乏相应的术语，从而难以说明这方面的价值，建立起相应的理论体系，导致人们对这方面的价值认识不足，整旧如新式的修复泛滥，争议极大，缺乏国内外的广泛认同。本研究通过引入国际通行的“古锈”概念，在概念和理论上较好地解决这一困境，有力地促进人们更加清晰地认识、尊重并尽可能保护建筑遗产，尤其是砖石建筑遗产的第二历史及其表征；澄清了梁思成所倡导的“整旧如旧”在理论认识上和具体实践中的歧义，有助于提高人们对建筑遗产完整的历史价值认识，深化相应的艺术价值认识，防止我国目前流行的“真赛假式”的保护处理。