机械收获甘蔗品种的表型组学分析及其选育

Mechanical harvesting has becoming one of the most serious problems in sugarcane production as the cost of labor rises. In China, the cost of harvesting labor accounts for 25 % of the total production cost. Cooperating with sugarcane field station in Canal Point, USDA-ARS, we proposed the following methods to improve the cost-effectiveness of harvesting: 1) Innovating and developing sugarcane germplasms and cultivars suitable for the mechanical harvesting while evaluating their genetic and combining ability for the characteristics of mechanical harvesting; 2) Using phenome analysis to decipher the morphogenesis and omics of leaf, root, stalk and bud associated with sugarcane mechanical harvesting, especially the relationship with defoliation, ratooning and resistance to lodging; (3) exploring the microbial community associated with the deterioration of the cuts of sugarcane to optimize the mechanical-harvesting strategies and to prevent their deterioration by microbiome analysis; (4) optimizing the planting patterns and systems for mechanical harvesting and full machinery on the photosynthetic and biomass analysis in the view of the matches of agricultural mechanic and agronomics. The project will take 4 years. Our goals are to take insights into the genetics and omics of sugarcane, and to develop and release the sugarcane cultivars and germplasms for the mechanical harvesting. We will publish 3 SCI papers; train 1 postdoctoral research associate, 1 doctoral and 2 master candidates; and apply for one patent. Total 400,000 RMB of direct cost were funded from NSFC.

机械收获是当前甘蔗生产面临的最大和“瓶颈”问题，本项目拟通过与美国农业部的合作，开展适合机械收获甘蔗种质资源的创新和新品种选育研究，并用现代数量遗传分析技术评价机械收获性状的遗传力合配合力；利用表型组学分析技术，揭示适合机械收获甘蔗品种的形态（根、茎、叶、芽）建成的组学基础及其与机械收获形状（宿根性、抗倒性、脱叶性）的关系；利用微生物宏基因组学技术，阐明机械收获的切断式甘蔗在存放过程中微生物的种群变化及其与甘蔗变质的关系，优化最佳的机械收获方案；利用现代生理生化技术，从农机和农艺的融合角度优化最适合机械收获和全程机械的种植方式。以期从育种和栽培角度解析甘蔗品种机械收获特性及其组学和遗传基础，培育适合机械收获的甘蔗品种或种质材料。发表论文3篇、获得专利1项、培养博士后1名、博士1名、硕士2名，国家自然科学基金直接经费资助40.0万元。

甘蔗是最重要的糖料作物，占全国食糖总量的90%；而广西是我国最大的甘蔗产区，蔗糖产量占全国的60%以上。当前面临的核心技术问题是甘蔗因缺乏机械收获等导致的生产成本偏高，缺乏机械收获的品种。为此，本项目在对108份优异亲本和育种材料一新三宿和1553份现代甘蔗育种重要节点材料、重要亲本、高代材料和选育登记品种一新一宿的机械收获性评价的基础上，分析适合机械收获甘蔗品种的地上部表型和地下部根系生物学特性，蔗茎纤维品质和深耕深种等放倒伏措施对甘蔗机械收获的效应；解析机械收获阶段甘蔗品质劣变及其微生物组学基础；探讨不同甘蔗品种根系发育与甘蔗深耕深种土壤微生物生态差异（群落丰度、结构组成、生态功能），探究土壤微生物多样性对深耕深种的响应及其时空变化规律，同时结合土壤理化性质、甘蔗生长状况（主要关注甘蔗抗倒伏性）、两大重要目的性状（产量和糖分）的研究，结合栽培学、耕作学、生态学、微生物学、作物学相关知识，分析甘蔗适合机械化收获的品种及其表型组；研究了机械收获性能的遗传、创制了一批适合机械收获的亲本和高代材料，选育了两个早熟高糖适合机械收获的中蔗10号和13号通过农业农村部的甘蔗新品种登记，在国内外高水平刊物发表研究论文5篇；完成了《现代甘蔗栽培育种学》课程的编写，并在科学出版社出版发行。参加了在阿根廷召开的国际甘蔗技师会议和巴西的甘蔗酒精高端论坛等国际会议。圆满完成了各项研究任务。