江南传统木构建筑典型构架体系的榫卯构造及结构机制研究

The relation between mortise and tenon joint’s configuration and structural mechanism of Chinese traditional timber buildings is very close. The motise and tenon joints’ configuration in the south of Yangtze River is very different from that in the north of China. There are very few systemic study on this area. Most of these historical and cultural heritages are in danger because of external and internal factors such as natural disasters and durability issues. Therefore, it is very urgent to carry out the study on the mortise and tenon joints’ configuration and structural mechanism of traditional timber buildings. The reasearch can ensure the scientificity of protection of the traditional timber buildings, and it can also ensure the accuracy of technics continuity for the traditional timber buildings. The mortise and tenon joints’ configuration and structural mechanism of typical structural systems of the traditional timber buildings in the south of Yangtze River will be researched in this project with the method of multi-disciplinary research including architecture and civil engineering. Firstly,the scales of typical timber members and the configuration of typical mortise and tenon joints will be found out. Secondly, through the research on the structural mechanism of mortise and tenon joints and timber frame structures, the computing formulas of structural performance and the assessment methods of structural safety of these traditional timber buildings will be presented. The scientific foundation for the preservation and the technics continuity of the traditional timber buildings in the south of Yangtze River will be founded. The research will encourage the prolongation and deeping of the research on the traditional timber buildings. It will promote the scientific preservation of the traditional timber buildings in the south of Yangtze River. The research methods and results can also be generalized to other areas, which have obvious economic and social benefits.

传统木构建筑的榫卯构造与结构机制密不可分，江南与北方木构建筑在榫卯构造上存在一定差别，而目前这方面的系统研究甚少。客观存在的内外界因素如灾害频发、结构耐久性下降等，都使这些历史文化遗产处于险境。因此，迫切需要开展传统木构建筑榫卯构造和结构机制的研究，一方面确保传统木构建筑保护的科学性，另一方面也确保传统木构建筑工艺传承的准确性。本项目通过建筑学和结构学的学科交叉研究，对江南传统木构建筑典型构架体系的榫卯构造及结构机制展开研究，先理清江南传统木构建筑典型构架体系大木作构件尺度比例关系及主要榫卯构造，然后通过对榫卯节点和木构架结构机制的研究，建立江南传统木构建筑的结构性能计算公式和结构安全评估方法，从而为江南传统木构建筑的保护和工艺传承奠定科学基础。该研究成果将促进传统木构建筑研究的拓展和深化，推动江南传统木构建筑保护的科学化，其研究方法和成果可推广至其它地区,具有明显的经济和社会效益。

本项目通过对江南地区典型构架体系的木构建筑进行了细致的现场测绘和调研，获得了其构件的尺度比例关系及榫卯构造，主要包括宋元厅堂木构体系的建筑-保国寺大殿、天宁寺大殿、延福寺大殿、虎丘二山门等，宋元殿堂木构体系的建筑-时思寺大殿等，明清时期的抬梁和穿斗木构体系的建筑-南京陶林二公祠正殿、南京箍桶巷抬梁民居、南京箍桶巷穿斗民居、常州藤花旧馆楠木厅、浙南木拱廊桥、苏南抬梁建筑、苏南穿斗建筑等，初步建立了江南传统木构建筑典型榫卯构造数据库；基于对典型构架体系榫卯构造的研究，通过试验方法完成了60个榫卯节点的低周反复加载试验，得出了江南地区宋元厅堂构架、宋元殿堂构架、明清抬梁构架、明清穿斗构架的典型榫卯（透榫、直榫、半榫、燕尾榫、镊口鼓卯、十字箍头榫、双榫、馒头榫、瓜柱柱脚直榫）的受力特性，获得了这些典型榫卯节点的破坏模式、极限变形、转角刚度、滞回曲线及骨架曲线等半刚性特征值，初步构建了江南传统木构建筑典型榫卯节点半刚性数据表。基于榫卯节点的构造和受力特性的研究，对江南地区典型传统木构建筑的风振性能和抗震性能进行了研究，分别获得了这些传统木构建筑在风振作用和地震作用下的薄弱位置。基于能量方法，提出了更加适合于传统木构建筑的降低弹性模量法构件重要性评价方法，从而得出江南地区典型构架体系的木构建筑构件层面的权重系数，再结合层次分析法和典型残损特征成因的研究，建立了江南地区典型构架体系的木构建筑结构安全状态定量评估方法。最后，基于上述的研究成果，对一些具有代表性的江南地区典型传统木构建筑（保国寺大殿、天宁寺大殿、泰顺廊桥、甘熙故居津逮楼、南京鼓楼建筑等）进行了细致的结构性能分析和安全评估研究，为这些江南地区重要木构建筑的保护修缮提供了重要的科学依据。