丹顶鹤越冬生境质量时空演变对人类活动与互花米草入侵响应机制研究

Red Crowned Crane (Grus Japonensis) is one of the most endangered species in the world. It has a very important significance in biodiversity conservation. Yancheng coastal wetland is the largest wintering area for Red Crowned Crane in China. The habitat quality of Red Crowned Crane is threatened by human activities and Spartina alterniflora invasion, which have caused habitats shrinking, landscape structure changing, and population reducing in recent years. Applying remote sensing, GIS, computer technology and model simulation, 3 years field investigation will be proceed, the research will focus on the multidisciplinary subject of interactions among structure, process and function in ecosystem and landscape scale. We try to understand selection of wintering habitats in multi-scale for Red Crowned Crane. We will construct a process-based dynamic habitat quality model to assess the impacts of human activities and Spartina alterniflora invasion across time and space on Red Crowned Crane and its habitat. To clarify the future trends of Red Crowned Crane wintering habitat quality and its impact on the wintering population by model simulation in a long time series. The results will contribute to understand the effects of human activities and Spartina alterniflora invasion on wintering habitat quality of Red Crowned Crane in the study areas. Our study will provide the scientific insights to help land managers alternative management decisions to conserve the wintering habitat of Red Crowned Crane and to reduce the impacts of human activities on the coastal wetlands of Yancheng, Jiangsu province, China.

丹顶鹤是全球濒危物种，在生物多样性保护中具有十分重要价值。盐城海滨湿地是丹顶鹤最大越冬地，受人类活动与互花米草入侵影响，栖息地面积不断萎缩，景观结构与过程不断变化，种群数量持续降低，丹顶鹤越冬生存面临巨大威胁。研究跟踪学科发展前沿，从多学科交叉角度，综合利用高分辨率遥感信息、GIS与计算机技术和模型模拟方法，以连续3年野外实地调查数据为支撑，从多尺度结构-过程-功能耦合作用切入丹顶鹤生境质量研究；深入认识丹顶鹤越冬生境多尺度选择特征；构建基于过程的丹顶鹤越冬生境质量时空演变动态模拟模型；揭示丹顶鹤生境质量时空演变过程及其对人类活动与互花米草入侵响应机制；并通过长时间序列模拟研究，阐明未来丹顶鹤越冬生境质量演变及其对越冬种群数量影响。研究结果有助于从过程与机理角度深化丹顶鹤越冬生境质量时空动态对人类活动与互花米草入侵响应机制的认识，也为保护丹顶鹤越冬生境，减缓人类活动影响提供科学依据。

项目以江苏盐城丹顶鹤越冬栖息地为研究对象，综合利用野外调查、3S技术和模型方法，系统开展了丹顶鹤越冬栖息地利用与生境多尺度选择研究，丹顶鹤越冬生境质量时空演变机制模型与生境质量时空演变对人类活动与互花米草入侵响应机理研究，得出结论：（1）盐城越冬的丹顶鹤微生境利用主要受植被覆盖度和高度限制（植被覆盖度在30%以下、高度在60cm以下）；景观尺度栖息地利用主要以内部生境的碱蓬和芦苇为主，互花米草生境通常不被利用；区域尺度生境利用受人为干扰影响十分明显，土地利用类型、强度和道路等成为丹顶鹤栖息地利用重要限制因子；（2）丹顶鹤是非常敏感鸟类，土地利用和人类活动干扰严重影响其栖息地利用程度与范围；（3）互花米草入侵改变了原有湿地景观格局，严重阻滞潮汐水文影响过程，导致丹顶鹤喜欢的原生碱蓬生境底栖生物种类和生物量降低，生境质量下降；（4）区域土地利用导致丹顶鹤栖息地严重破碎化，有效生境斑块数量和面积不断减少，种群支撑能力不断降低;（5）鉴于现有丹顶鹤集中分布于保护区核心区斑块，生态灭绝风险不断加剧情势，提出了“友好型”土地利用模式和丹顶鹤越冬栖息地保护对策。研究结果可为后续丹顶鹤栖息地多尺度恢复研究、丹顶鹤栖息地保护对策等研究提供重要科学支撑