蘑菇科真菌的系统发育及其演化

Agaricaceae is one of the largest family of Agaricales and includes many important edible taxa such as the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. This family includes about 85 genera and 1340 species which serves as saprobes and has a worldwide distribution. Previous studies have shown that some genera within Battarreaceae, Coprinaceae, Lycoperdaceae, Mycenastraceae and Tulostomataceae, were forming a monophylogetic group with traditional Agaricaceae members, indicating they are also members of Agaricaceae. While Cystodermateae, a tribe previously placed in Agaricaceae, should not be included. However, these were results according to weakly resolved phylogeny based mainly on rDNA ITS and LSU data sets. Based on a world-wide sampling, detailed morphological studies will be carried out on the type species of genera putatively included in Agaricaceae, and phylogeny based on multiple gene loci will be reconstructed. The aims of the present project are：. (1) To define circumscription of Agaricaceae based on detailed morphological studies of the type species of included genera, elucidating the placements of genera putatively included in Agaricaceae;. (2) To reconstruct a backbone tree of the family based on multi-locus phylogeny, with a focus on un-sampled and inadequately sampled genera from previous studies; . (3) To infer the evolutionary history of the family Agaricaceae; . (4) To isolate fungal strains of Agaricaceae species occurs in China, and the database of fungal strains of Agaricaceae distributed in China will be constructed.

蘑菇科物种丰富、系统亲缘关系复杂。传统上只包括伞菌状的属种，近来的研究暗示腹菌状的灰包科等的部分属是蘑菇科成员，而传统上的部分蘑菇科的属则应排除在外。研究中主要存在以下问题：(1)蘑菇科的概念不明晰，争议较大：85个属中仅20余属纳入过分子系统学分析，哪些属（尤其是大量腹菌状的属）是蘑菇科成员还不明确；(2)基于rDNA的系统树分辨率低，蘑菇科下各族、属间的关系不清，对该科的起源和演化还一无所知；(3)具经济价值的野生菌株资源匮乏。本项目将进行广泛取样和菌株分离，详细研究各属模式种的形态性状，构建多基因片段的系统发育树，旨在：(1)掌握界定蘑菇科关键形态性状并明晰哪些属是蘑菇科成员；(2)揭示蘑菇科下各族、属间的系统发育关系，为提出更自然的蘑菇科分类系统奠定基础；(3)追溯蘑菇科真菌的起源和可能的祖先类群，探讨其起源和演化历史；(4)贮备蘑菇科菌种资源，为驯化及开发利用提供材料和科学依据。

针对之前85个属中仅20余属纳入过分子系统学分析，项目组纳入了曾经置于蘑菇科的近50个属，基于核基因组的ITS、LSU、rpb1、rpb2、tef1和线粒体基因组的mtSSU和atp6，重建了蘑菇科的系统发育重建，发现：.（1）Clavogaster、Cystoagaricus、Cystoderma、Cystodermella、Floccularia、Gymnogaster、Leucopholiota、Lycogalopsis、Mycocalia、Notholepiota、Phaeolepiota、Pseudobaeospora、Smithiogaster等属都不是蘑菇科的成员；.（2）Singer所划分的蘑菇科的四个族中，囊皮伞族中的属都不是蘑菇科的成员，应该移出蘑菇科，余下的三个族也都不是单系类群。广义的蘑菇分为8个有强烈支持的大的分支；基于各个分支中的属的系统位置，对相关属的处理进行了分析和讨论，为提出更自然的蘑菇科分类系统奠定了基础。.（3）对青褶伞属、环柄菇属、史氏菇属等各属模式种的形态性状进行了详细研究，并构建多基因片段的系统发育树，描述了一批新的分类群，提出了青褶伞属的属下分类系统；主张将锐鳞环柄菇属从环柄菇属中独立出来，而囊小伞属和囊皮伞属宜合并为一属；新发现史氏菇属的在热带亚洲有分布，是一个环太平洋间断分布的属。蘑菇科真菌大致起源于128Mya，后逐渐演化出半腹菌类和腹菌类群。.（4）针对蘑菇科野生菌株资源匮乏的现状，项目组在进行广泛的标本采集过程中，对蘑菇科材料进行了菌株分离，目前已贮备一批蘑菇科菌种培养物，为驯化及开发利用提供了可贵菌种资源。