松嫩平原白鹤迁徙种群移动模式与栖息地适应性管理对策

Songnen Plain is one of the most important breeding and stopover sites for migratory waterbirds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The Siberian Crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus), which is an aquatic species, is recognized as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List and it is known to feed and roost exclusively in wetlands. Over 90% of the world’s population of Siberian Crane used the Songnen Plain during each migration season. Stopover sites quality and security are critical for the migratory birds to complete their entire migration, and is also related to breeding success during the northward migration; this is the Key node for endangered species conservation. Songnen Plain is located in arid and semi-arid regions, where human activity and climate change have caused noticeable wetland loss and degradation. This poses a grave threat to the population security of the Siberian Crane. .This study selects the Songnen Plain as the study area and the Siberian Crane as the study species. By using satellite tracking and ground surveys the movement patterns of the migration of Siberian Cranes and their spatial distribution of different types of stopover sites will be analyzed quantitatively. The LiDAR detection technique is employed to establish the Hydro-geomorphology 3D model of stopover sites, and high-resolution satellite imagery will be applied to acquire the spatial information of vegetation succession of food resource plants. General Linear Model will be used to explore the habitat selection characteristics in landscape and local scales. Finally, we will draw an adaptive management plan for crane protection after identifying and ranking the wetland management units by Hydrological analysis and objective models. The result would provide the basis for conservation and management of the Siberian Crane and its habitat. It also provides helpful experiences of habitat management for endangered waterbirds conservation in arid and semi-arid regions.

松嫩平原是东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线上鸟类的重要繁殖地和中途停歇地，也是我国重要的粮食生产基地。白鹤是特定依赖浅水湿地生存的全球极危物种，世界种群的90%以上迁徙停歇于松嫩平原。中途停歇地对于候鸟补充能量顺利完成迁徙并成功繁殖至关重要，是濒危鸟类保护的关键节点。由于地处干旱-半干旱地区，人类活动和气候变化导致该地湿地萎缩退化，严重威胁着整个白鹤种群安全。.本项目选择松嫩平原为研究区，以迁徙白鹤为研究对象，采用卫星跟踪与实地调查，定量分析其移动模式与不同类型停歇地的空间分布格局；借助激光雷达探测和遥感技术，掌握重要停歇地水底地形与食源植物的分布特征及演替规律；利用广义线性模型，在景观和地点尺度上探讨栖息地选择特征；运用水文模拟和目标模型，确定研究区面向白鹤保护的湿地管理单元及其优先等级，并提出相应的适应性管理对策。研究结果为白鹤的迁徙安全提供保障，为半干旱地区濒危水鸟栖息地管理提供借鉴。

白鹤是世界极危物种，98%以上世界种群迁徙途径中国东北松嫩平原，主要取食盐碱湿地中三江藨草（Scirpus nipponicus）和扁秆藨草（Sirpus planiculmis）的地下球茎。受气候变化和人类活动影响，松嫩平原盐碱湿地处于持续萎缩和退化状态，严重影响了依赖其生存的白鹤等全球受胁水鸟的迁徙安全。本研究采用卫星跟踪技术，结合遥感和地理信息系统技术，确认了白鹤不同等级中途停歇地在中国的分布与保护空缺；揭示了白鹤迁徙策略符合时间最短假说，采取跨越式迁徙模式应对长距离、低质量的迁徙停歇地；松嫩平原位于白鹤迁徙路线上瓶颈位置，具不无可替代的生态价值。研发的利用遥感影像可见光和近红外信息，反演湿地湖底地形的研究方法，为浅水沼泽水位调控与水资源管理提供重要参考与科学依据。同时，应用水文生态学、鸟类生态学、种群生态学和栖息地恢复生态学等原理，采用水文分析模型、目标模型、遥感反演和地理信息系统技术等，构建基于迁徙水鸟保护的湿地栖息地质量评估技术，具有重要推广价值。整合相关基础与技术研究成果，从集水区-地点-湿地管理单元三个空间尺度上项目提出白鹤迁徙停歇地的适应性管理对策，为提升半干旱地区藨草沼泽的恢复力提供科学依据，为确保白鹤等共栖水鸟的能量补给和迁徙安全提供重要保障。