考虑下游鱼类生境健康的水库生态调度研究

The impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir on the middle reach of the Yangtze River has changed the natural flow regimes and also influenced the spawning condition of fish downstream of the reservoir. It is very important that reducing the negative influence on downstream fish habitat health by reservoir re-operation reasonably. The Chinese sturgeon is one of the first-class nationally protected animals in China and the four major carps, black carp, grass carp, silver carp, and variegated carp, are traditionally major economic fishes. From the perspectives of protecting the spawning and reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon and four major Chinese carps downstream of Three Gorges reservoir, the effects of the Three Gorges reservoir on the eco-hydrological regimes and spawning activities during the spawning periods of Chinese sturgeon and four major Chinese carps are analyzed by eco-hydrology method. Based on the theory and method of eco-hydraulics, the physical habitat simulation model of the spawning grounds of Chinese sturgeon and four major Chinese carps are established to analyze the effects of the hydrological regimes changes during reservoir operation on the fish habitats and the optimal ecological flow process for fish habitats health is proposed. The multi-objective optimization model of reservoir ecological operation is established combining the economic and ecological benefits of reservoir based on the present operation rules of the three gorges reservoir. The optimization model is applied to analyze the quantitative relationship between the health degree of fish habitat and the loss rate of power benefits and the scientific and reasonable schemes of ecological operation are proposed. The results provide the reference for the scientific decision of Three Gorges reservoir operation.

三峡水库蓄水，改变了河流天然水流情势，同时也导致了水库下游鱼类产卵繁殖生境条件的变化。如何合理地对水库进行调度，减轻水库运行对下游鱼类生境健康带来的不利影响至关重要。本研究从保护三峡水库下游国家一级保护动物中华鲟和重要经济鱼类四大家鱼产卵繁殖的角度出发，运用生态水文学方法，研究三峡水库蓄水对中华鲟和四大家鱼产卵期生态水文情势改变以及对产卵繁殖活动的影响；基于生态水力学理论方法，建立中华鲟和四大家鱼产卵场的物理生境模拟模型，分析水库不同情境调度模式导致水文情势变化对鱼类生境的影响，提出基于重要鱼类生境健康的适宜生态流量过程；结合现行三峡水库调度规则，综合考虑水库的经济和生态效益，建立水库多目标生态调度优化模型，研究满足下游重要鱼类生境健康程度和发电效益损失率之间的定量响应关系，提出科学合理的生态调度方案，为三峡水库调度运行的科学决策提供参考依据。

三峡水库蓄水，改变了河流天然水流情势，同时也导致了水库下游鱼类产卵繁殖生境条件的变化。如何合理地对水库进行调度，减轻水库运行对下游鱼类生境健康带来的不利影响至关重要。本研究从保护三峡水库下游国家一级保护动物中华鲟和重要经济鱼类四大家鱼产卵繁殖的角度出发，运用生态水文学方法，研究了三峡水库蓄水对中华鲟和四大家鱼产卵场生态水文情势改变以及对产卵繁殖活动的影响；基于生态水力学理论方法，建立了中华鲟和四大家鱼产卵场的物理生境模拟模型，分析了水库不同情境调度模式导致水文情势变化对鱼类生境的影响，提出了基于重要鱼类生境健康的适宜生态流量过程；结合现行三峡水库调度规则，综合考虑水库的经济和生态效益，建立了水库生态调度优化模型，研究了满足下游重要鱼类生境健康程度和发电效益损失率之间的定量响应关系，提出了科学合理的生态调度方案，为三峡水库调度运行科学决策提供参考依据。