中国新疆巩乃斯林场地衣物种多样性的研究

Gongnaisi Forest Farm is known as a " Old-growth forest",and is Located in nourthwest of Hejing County,Xinjiang, China. Approved as a national Forest Park by the State Forestry Administration in 2003. By investigation, found dead and dying trees are a favorite habitat of many epiphytic lichens in this area and lichen diversity is often higher than on living, vital trees.Hence, the presence of old dying trees and snags has repeatedly been emphasized as an important goal for the conservation of forest ecosystems. Over the last ten years, the forests of the west Tianshan Mt.s are encountering some new problems: environmental stress (air pollution) and development of tourism and human activity. The composition of this flora has changed drastically during recent years. Recently several protected areas were established , but the problem of nature protection in the west part of Tianshan Mts remains urgent. Therefore, any information on the regional biodiversity, especially on the distribution of rare and endangered species in China, is important. This research is based on the present research of Xinjiang lichens, with reference to methods and contents of China's other provinces and international lichen researchers, this research aims at the Classification of lichens in the area, clear the area’s lichen species. Morphological and anatomical observations were made using stereoscopic and compound microscopes. Hand-cut sections mounted in water were made for anatomical observations and measurements of ascomatal structures.The granules and crystals were observed with the aid of polarizing filters and its solubility was valuated in K and N. Secondary metabolites were identified by using spot tests reactions: K(potassium hydroxide solution), C(sodium hypochlorite solution), KC and Pd (paraphenilenediamine), UV fluorescence, thin layer chromatography(TLC). Using molecular biology methods to formulate the new species systematic position.Also study the lichen growth forms,lichen ecological characteristics and analysis the lichen geographic component.The results of the research will be provides scientific information to the writing the Flora of China lichens and continuing studies of the lichen flora of Xinjiang.

被誉为“原始森林”的巩乃斯林场在天山西南部，位于新疆和静县境内。2003年被国家林业局批准为国家级森林公园。经考察发现，该森林内死亡的树或朽木做为栖息地的附生植物的地衣种类多，并地衣多样性往往高于生活的树木上生活的地衣种类。也是中国濒危地衣研究中的一个重要地区。本研究基于新疆的地衣研究现状，采用形态解剖、化学、生态类型及地理成分分析等传统分类方法与现代分子系统学研究方法相结合，对该地区地衣进行分类研究，以搞清楚该地区地衣的属种数目。在室内，首先对地衣体、子囊盘及分生孢子器的内部结构等进行观察；采用显色反应法、薄层层析法等生物化学方法,对地衣所特有的地衣酸种类进行鉴定；用分子生物学方法进行DNA序列分析，以确定新种和难鉴定种的系统学地位；最后对地衣生态特征和地衣地理分布成分分析。研究结果为整个新疆地衣区系研究、中国地衣志的编写提供科学性资料，同时为国家地衣资源的保护与利用提供基本数据。

巩乃斯林场位于在天山西南部，位于新疆和静县境内，平均海拔2032米。这里的向西开口的喇叭口地形，自然环境拦截了到达新疆上空的大西洋和北冰洋等较湿润的大气环流，形成宛如是突出在整个新疆干旱戈壁荒漠大平原上的一座庞大的“绿色岛屿”。其特有的地理位置、气候、植被和生物资源，形成了特殊的类型，具很高的科研和经济价值。. 共采集了1115份不同生长型和或不同基物上生长地衣种类的标本，做了详尽的有关记录，并对该地区地衣进行了拍摄。采用形态学、解剖学、化学成分、分子生物学方法对地衣标本进行鉴定和分类，并将表型特征与基因特征相结合分析该地区地衣类群分类学地位，研究标本馆藏于中国西北干旱区地衣研究中心标本室。本研究共鉴定出到目前已鉴定的地衣种类有226种，隶属于71个属，其中新种4个，中国新记录属1个，中国新记录种12个，新疆新记录种6个。提供了该地区地衣的生境进行了详细的描述和记录，同时提供了彩色形态解剖图。通过显色反应以及薄层层析法(TLC)测定了地衣的次生代谢物。整理了已鉴定种类的自然地带性分布规律、生长基物的类型、地衣群落结构等方面的数据。基于ITS和mtSSU基因对该地区地衣进行DNA提取、扩增及测序，通过贝叶斯推断（BI）构建系统发育树，确定了难鉴定、新种及新记录种地衣的系统学地位。到目前已在数据库（NCBI）上成功上传了100多条地衣DNA序列。这将在后续地衣物种鉴定、地衣谱系地理学研究等领域的研究提供基本数据资料；另外，对胶衣科、黄梅属、网衣科等地衣进行了较系统的研究；内含松萝酸（Usnic acid）的地衣种类进行了化学成分分析；除了调查该地区地衣物种以外，本研究对采自于该区域的地卷属、石蕊属地衣共生体进行全基因组测序，建立了标准化的拼接与组装流程，丰富了地衣基因组数据资源。.研究结果将为地衣的研究开发利用发挥桥梁和纽带作用，同时为国家地衣资源的保护与利用提供基本数据、为《中国地衣志》各卷册的编撰以及中国地衣学的研究提供理论资料，且具有一定的实践意义。