硝胺介观晶体设计及颗粒分散剂研究

The application of nitramine is persecuted by crystal defects and agglomeration. Recrystallization and synthesis of dispersant with high performance are effective ways to solve this issue. The crystallization habit of nitramine microcrystalline and dispersant are studied in this topic, the mechanism of nucleation and growth and dispersion of crystalline are systematically investigated in mesoscopic scale. The specific studies include, the crystallization habit of nitramine crystallites is studied in different solvent systems, and the mechanism of morphology and particle size are controlled by changing the supersaturation and temperature. The surface structure of nitramine and properties of microcrystalline are systematically investigated by analysis of surface adhesion substance, purity, morphology, specific surface area, surface tension and charge, and the crystal quality and agglomeration are also evaluated by these characterizations. The dispersion mechanism of nitramine particles is investigated in mesoscopic scale. According to the type of agglomeration, the appropriate dispersant is selected to synthesizing. The topic aims to improve mesoscopic crystal quality of nitramine and suppress agglomeration of nitramine microcrystalline effectively. It also provides the theoretical and technical support with efficient dispersant of nitramine.

硝胺微晶由于晶体缺陷和团聚限制了其应用范围，重结晶和合成高效分散剂是解决该难题的有效途径。本课题以硝胺微晶的结晶习性和颗粒分散剂为研究对象，系统研究介观尺度下结晶成核和生长机理以及颗粒分散机理。具体内容包括：研究硝胺在不同溶剂体系中的结晶习性，通过调节体系的过饱和度和温度控制晶体形貌和粒径；研究硝胺晶体的表面结构和微晶特性，通过分析颗粒表面粘附物、纯度、晶形、比表面积、表面张力和电荷，以评价晶体结晶品质和颗粒的团聚程度；研究介观尺度硝胺颗粒的分散机理，根据不同团聚类型选择合成相应的高效分散剂。本课题旨在提高硝胺介观晶体的结晶品质，为有效抑制硝胺微晶团聚难题并研制出硝胺颗粒用高效分散剂提供理论和技术支撑。

硝胺在微纳米尺度容易发生颗粒团聚，重结晶球形化减少颗粒接触面积是前提，加入颗粒分散剂改善颗粒表面是提高分散性的关键。本课题通过重结晶工艺筛选，发现使用丁内酯/水混合溶剂得到平均粒径20μm、3.0μm和0.99μm的类球形晶体，通过加入乙二醇和乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钠分散剂可提高20μm以上颗粒的分散性，根据键合吸附理论和石墨烯层状二维材料的润滑特性，创新地合成聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-聚乙烯醇与氧化石墨偶联的键合型分散剂，提高了3μm和0.99μm的环三亚甲基三硝胺晶体的分散性。在亚微米尺度对硝胺颗粒进行自组装包覆，得到了具有壳核结构的复合粒子。该发现突破了微纳米硝胺结块的应用瓶颈制约，为微纳米硝胺粉体的应用提供了技术支撑，提供了微纳米硝胺球形化和分散技术。