Jiaodong, the largest gold producing region in China, is enormously endowed with Au during complex hydrothermal processes in the early Cretaceous. The complexity reflects limited understanding on mechanism of gold transport and deposition, ultimate sources of the ore-forming fluids and exact role of physico-chemical changes. Carbonates are the main minerals precipitating from auriferous carbonic fluid, and their chemical compositions are primarily controlled by temperature, pressure, pH and fugacity of CO2 in addition to the C-O-Sr isotopic systematics which are excellent indicators of fluid source. At the Majiayao gold deposit, carbonate minerals are presented from early stage to late stage, and evolved in chemical compositions from siderite to calcite, offering great opportunity for eliminating the “mask” effect of the fluid overprinting and thus providing an ideal object for studying the complex Au mineralization in Jiaodong. This project seeks to elaborately depict the evolution of the ore-forming fluid and rebuild the change of the physico-chemical condition of Majiayao by conducting scanning electron microsope-cathodoluminescence study, electron probe petrography and in-situ geochemical/isotopic analyses. Significant results from this project will deepen our understanding about the “mysterious” origin of Jiaodong gold deposits, aid in rebuilding of the model of Mesozoic gold mineralization of North China Craton.
胶东是我国最大的金矿矿集区,其成矿过程十分复杂,成矿流体和物质来源存在巨大争议,而以往成矿物理化学条件研究多集中于温压条件,对pH值以及CO2逸度约束有限。碳酸盐矿物是载金碳质流体沉淀的主要形式,其化学成分对温压、pH值以及CO2逸度都十分敏感,能够准确限定成矿过程物理化学条件;加之其承载碳-氧-锶等多种同位素,因此可以揭示成矿流体源区特征。马家窑金矿是胶东典型的石英脉型金矿,碳酸盐矿物是该矿床成矿贯通性矿物,且从成矿早期至晚期具有从菱铁矿向方解石演化的特征,为完善成矿物理化学条件演化和精确识别流体组分提供了绝佳素材。因此,本项目拟以马家窑金矿为研究对象,依据细致显微结构特征划分碳酸盐矿物形成期次,开展微区原位主微量元素和C-O-Sr同位素测试,确定成矿流体来源,精细刻画成矿条件对成矿物质迁移、沉淀的制约过程。研究成果将加深对胶东金矿成因的认识,有利于华北克拉通中生代金矿成矿模型的的建立。
马家窑金矿主要产出于太古代高级变质岩地体内,由多条含有铁氧化物和重晶石的含金石英-碳酸盐硫化物脉所组成。产于成矿期石英-黄铁矿脉中的热液磷钇矿U-Pb定年表明,精确的金矿化年龄为120.0±1.4 Ma,与区域金成矿时代一致,明显晚于约1950~1850 Ma的区域变质作用。因此,地壳变质模式显然不适用于马家窑金矿。黄铁矿He-Ar同位素揭示出成矿流体中不可忽视的幔源挥发分和与俯冲有关大气组分的加入。综合成矿期硫化物S同位素和独居石Nd同位素组成特征表明,包括上覆沉积楔在内的古太平洋俯冲板片脱挥发分流体是初始成矿流体的有效来源。其随后与早白垩世交代岩石圈地幔发生相互作用。在深源流体沿区域性深大断裂向上运移过程中,部分成矿物质(包括硫和稀土)从壳源岩石(包括前寒武纪围岩)中被淋滤进入成矿热液系统。除黄铁矿内少量有限的不可见金(固溶体或纳米颗粒)大量的可见金颗粒常发育在黄铁矿裂隙内或以显微包裹体形式产出,显示出与多种贱金属硫化物密切共生关系。金颗粒可能是直接从较晚期富矿溶液中通过硫络合物失稳而沉淀下来的,而非早期黄铁矿内极为有限的“不可见金”的再活化形成。石英脉中广泛发育的众多铁氧化物和重晶石以及持续降低的黄铁矿δ34S值可能均是由流体-岩石相互作用(主要是富Fe前寒武纪围岩的碳酸盐化作用)所引起的流体逐步氧化而形成的,无需外部氧化性流体的加入。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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