明清山东运河管理建筑空间分布：基于管理制度运作的视角

The Shandong section of the Grand Canal was all excavated, which was the distinctive characteristics throughout the Grand Canal. The section of the canal was directly related to the operation of the Grand Canal. However, due to the water shortage, terrain height difference and the Yellow River floods, the navigation of this section became the most difficult, which determined that it inevitably became the difficult and key section of the Grand Canal's management. There were many management architectrues along the Shandong section of the Grand Canal in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This section of the Grand Canal played a pivotal role in transporting goods and rices from the south to the north in the Ming and Qing Dynaties by means of a series of mature management system. The spatial distribution of these management architectures was related to the operation of the management system. The project is based on the perspective of the operation of the management system, starting from the institutional level, and eventually focusing on the analysis of the management architectures. On the basis of analyzing the type, layout of the management architectures along the Shandong section of the Grand Canal, by combining with archaeological and historical documents, using of the spatial structure of quantitative analysis methods, it focuses on the spatial distribution characteristics of the management architectures of the Shandong section of the Grand Canal. And it analyzes the inherent correlation of the the management architecture's spatial distribution and the operation of management system. It also studies the spatial distribution of the management architectrues in the city Ji'ning as an example to concern on the relationship between the urban construction and management architectrues and system operation.The results of the research will construct the whole research system of the management architectures along Shandong section of the Grand Canal.

山东运河全线均为人工开凿而成，这在整个大运河中特色鲜明，该段运河的畅通与否直接关系到整个大运河的运转。然而该段运河由于水源缺乏、地势高差大、黄河阻运等原因，是通航最为困难的一段，这就决定了它必然成为大运河管理的难点和重点。明清时期山东运河沿线设置了大量管理建筑，并借助一系列成熟的管理制度，使得该段运河在明清大运河的南北转输中起了举足轻重的作用，这些管理建筑的空间分布与管理制度的运作存在着密切的联系。本项目基于管理制度运作的视角，从制度层面出发，最终落脚于对管理建筑的分析。在分析山东段运河管理建筑的类型、布局等的基础上，结合考古成果及历史文献，利用空间结构定量分析等方法，重点探讨山东运河管理建筑的空间分布特征，分析管理建筑的空间分布与管理制度运作的内在关联性，并以济宁为例研究管理建筑在运河城市内的空间分布，关注城市建设与管理建筑及制度运作的关系，从而全面构建山东运河管理建筑研究体系。

大运河在明清两代是国家命脉，对南北经济、文化交流起了至关重要的作用。山东运河全线均为人工开凿而成，这在整个大运河中特色鲜明、地位独特，该段运河的畅通与否直接关系到大运河是否可以正常运转。然而该段运河由于水源缺乏、地势高差大、黄河阻运等原因，是通航最为困难的一段，这就决定了它必然成为大运河管理的难点和重点。明清时期山东运河沿线设置了大量管理建筑，并借助一系列成熟的管理制度，使得该段运河在明清大运河的南北转输中起了举足轻重的作用，管理建筑的空间分布又与管理制度的运作存在着密切的联系。项目基于管理制度运作的视角，从制度层面出发，最终落脚于对管理建筑的分析。系统分析了元明清时期大运河的管理制度演进，总结出了大运河管理制度的二元结构特征，即河道与漕运管理交叉、中央与地方两级并行、文武与官员并用；同时还具有统筹运作，分段管理的特点，并从宏观与微观两个层面探讨了明清大运河及山东运河的管理制度与管理建筑的空间分布关系。结合考古成果及历史文献，总结了山东运河管理建筑的类型及平面布局特征，详细分析了明清山东运河沿线的水柜、船闸等管理建筑的管理运作，从微观层面探索管理建筑的空间分布与管理制度运作的关联性。项目分析了南旺分水枢纽工程各组成部分的建置沿革，并分析了其管理运作及管理建筑空间分布。以明清济宁、淮安为例，剖析运河管理建筑在城市内的空间分布，关注城市建设与运河管理建筑及制度运作的关系。从制度到建筑，从宏观到微观，从全线到城市，全面构建了山东运河管理制度及管理建筑的动态图景。