低温高压环境下高固含量火药异常燃烧机理及控制方法研究

The technical bottleneck of propellants with high solid content is their application in high chamber pressure weapons and low temperature environment. The problem which is needed to be solved urgently in advanced propellant preparation and the design of a new generation barrel weapon system is the abnormal combustion of propellants with high solid at low temperature and high pressure. It belongs to the combustion problems of energetic materials in the special condition. The implementation of the project is from the experiments and the theory. The combustion process and the energy release law of propellants with high solid content can be investigated by closed bomb experiments, interrupted-burning experiments and thermal analysis experiments. Therefore, the abnormal combustion mechanism will be revealed. The threshold condition for stable combustion of propellants with high solid content can be studied combining with the mechanical properties and combustion properties of propellants. Method of evaluating the quality of propellants with high solid content is to be established. The combustion process of propellants will be controlled eventually by improving the preparation process pertinently, which will be the foundation of safe and rapid engineering application of propellants with high solid content in weapon system.

高固含量火药在高膛压武器及低温环境下的应用是其技术瓶颈，其在低温高压下异常燃烧问题是目前先进火药制备以及新一代身管武器系统设计中急需解决的问题，属于含能材料在特殊条件下的燃烧问题。本课题从实验、理论两个方面，采用定容燃烧实验、中止燃烧实验、热分析实验，研究低温高压下高固含量火药燃烧过程和能量释放规律，揭示其异常燃烧机理。结合火药的力学性能和燃烧性能，研究低温高压下高固含量火药能够稳定燃烧的阈值条件，建立评价高固含量火药质量的方法。针对性改进高固含量火药的加工工艺，最终实现对火药燃烧过程的控制，为高固含量火药在武器中安全、迅速的工程化应用奠定基础。

针对高固含量火药低温高压下异常燃烧的问题，以典型高固含量火药硝基胍火药和黑索今火药为研究对象，通过高压环境下的中止燃烧和定容燃烧实验，研究了常温与低温下火药的燃烧过程、燃烧参数变化规律。发现火药低温燃烧破碎以及固含量和火药基体燃烧不同时性是其燃烧异常的主要原因。通过抗冲击强度实验和落锤撞击实验研究了火药的动态力学性能，同时研究了火药低温力学性能和燃烧性能的数值关系。发现单孔火药低温燃烧的L-B曲线恒面燃烧结束的拐点B值与火药低温抗冲击强度、多孔火药低温燃烧的L-B曲线增面燃烧结束的拐点B值与低温落锤撞击破碎程度有较大的数值相关性。在此基础上提出了判断高固含量火药性能的分析方法。利用高压差示扫描量热仪研究了高固含量火药在不同压力下的热分解机理，结果表明高压条件下47%固含量的硝基胍火药热分解机理发生了改变，常压条件下为n=1/3的相边界反应，高压条件下则遵循n=1的随机成核和随后生长。在燃烧机理研究的基础上，研究了火药熟化工艺、火药成型模具优化以及键合剂在硝基胍火药中应用，提高了火药的低温力学性能和燃烧性能。通过本项目的研究，可以判断高固含量火药的适用范围，改进高固含量火药的成型质量，为高固含量火药在武器中安全、迅速的应用奠定基础。