干旱地区紫花苜蓿喷灌水量损失过程及节水技术研究

In recent years, with the whole society to animal product safety concerns, alfalfa planting area supported large-scale clockwise type sprinkler has increased rapidly, especially in arid and semiarid region and suitable for alfalfa planting area. But, the largest obstacle in the development of alfalfa in arid region is the shortage of water resources. Therefore, it is very important for alfalfa production and effective utilization of water resources to research the process of irrigation water loss under sprinkler irrigation in arid regions, and put forward water-saving technology based on the control of water loss. This research focus on the water loss processes of water vapor drifting, plant canopy interception, and evaporation of the interception water, to find the water loss mechanism and the relationship between alfalfa growth and water loss, as well as to put forward water saving irrigation technology based on the reduction of the loss. The results of the research will enrich and develop alfalfa water-saving irrigation technology in arid regions.

近年来，随着全社会对畜产品安全的关注，作为优质饲草作物的紫花苜蓿种植面积急剧扩大，尤其在干旱、半干旱适宜苜蓿种植的地区，配套大型时针式喷灌机的苜蓿种植面积发展迅速。但是，干旱地区发展苜蓿种植的最大障碍就是水资源极为短缺。为此，研究干旱条件下紫花苜蓿喷灌过程中的水量损失及其变化过程，找出基于控制水量损失的苜蓿节水灌溉技术，对于干旱区水资源的有效利用以及干旱地区紫花苜蓿生产都具有重要的理论与现实意义。本项研究针对干旱地区紫花苜蓿喷灌过程中发生的水汽飘散、植物截留以及截留水分蒸发等水量损失过程，探讨这些水量损失发生的机制及其与苜蓿生长的关系，研究基于减少喷灌过程中水量损失的节水灌溉技术，为干旱地区紫花苜蓿节水灌溉提供适用的理论和技术。

近年来随着干旱地区苜蓿种植面积的迅速扩大，大型中心支轴式喷灌机的应用十分普遍。干旱地区气候干燥，蒸发强烈，水资源极为短缺，如何提高苜蓿种植区喷灌水分利用效率是这一地区苜蓿生产的关键。论文研究了喷灌条件下紫花苜蓿冠层水量蒸发飘散损失过程和喷头水量分布，提出了喷灌水汽分布及苜蓿冠层喷灌水分截留模型，设计制作了水汽分布和喷灌截留观测装置，用试验结果对模型进行了验证，基于田间喷灌水量分布的模拟试验，比较了两类中心支轴式喷灌机常用喷头的喷洒水量分布特征，提出了单喷头水量分布模型。这些结果对于揭示喷灌过程中水的飘散损失问题具有重要的理论价值，同时对苜蓿生产中针对大型喷灌机提高水的利用效率也具有一定的实际意义。