助熔剂石灰在中国古代制瓷中的起源与早期传播研究

Calcium glaze was commonly used for ancient high fired ceramics. High calcium plant ash and lime (glaze ash) were the calcareous fluxes used by ancient potters. In the early days of high fired ceramic production, glazes (proto-porcelain, Yue glaze and etc.) were fluxed using plant ash, and later when the technology of producing high fired ceramics further developed, lime was the common calcareous flux used in both northern and southern high fired ceramics. When and where was lime first used as a flux in Chinese ceramic making? Was the later common usage of this ingredient due to technological transfer?.After a few years' pilot study on the subject, the applicant formed a hypothesis which regards the use of lime as a flux in Chinese high fired ceramic making was first adopted in northern porcelain making technology during the Sui, the Tang and The Five Dynasty period, and the later widespread use of lime in southern high fired ceramic technology could have been due to the technology transfer of the white porcelain technology in southern China during the late Tang and Five Dynasty period..This research project proposes to apply archaeological science research approach to prove or disprove the proposing hypothesis, to investigate whether lime as a flux was first used in the northern porcelain technology, and to discuss whether the use of lime as a flux was transferred to the south along with the white porcelain technology.

我国古代高温釉瓷器多采用钙系釉，高钙质草木灰与石灰（釉灰）为古代工匠普遍应用的钙质助熔剂。高温釉产生初期，瓷釉（原始瓷釉、越窑青瓷釉）普遍为草木灰釉，随着高温釉技术的进一步发展，石灰得以被广泛的应用于南北方的制釉工艺之中。石灰作为一种制瓷助熔剂原料是何时于何地首次在中国古陶瓷技术中出现的呢？而后的广泛使用是否为技术传播的结果？. 经过数年相关研究，项目申请人形成了一个初步理论假设认为：助熔剂石灰在中国古代制瓷中的应用或发端于隋、唐、五代期间的北方白瓷制釉技术之中，而石灰在南方制釉技术中的普及或为晚唐、五代白瓷技术向南传播的结果。. 本项目拟应用科技考古研究方法，对以上理论假设进行验证，探究助熔剂石灰是否发端于北方白瓷制釉技术，并探讨助熔剂石灰随白瓷技术南传的可能。

中国古代高温陶瓷器多使用钙系釉，钙系釉中钙质助熔剂的原料来源主要有两种：草木灰和石灰石。早期的高温陶瓷多使用草木灰作为钙质助熔剂配釉，随着对原料认知的深入，古代陶瓷工匠用石灰石代替了草木灰配釉，使得产品的质量与产量大幅提高。尽管现阶段研究者已经认识到了中国古代高温釉从草木灰釉到石灰釉的过渡，但最早的石灰釉是在何处产生，这一技术又是如何传播开来的尚不清楚。本项目的立项旨在探索中国古代石灰釉的起源与早期技术传播的情况。.经过三年研究，本研究团队已对这一问题形成了初步的结论，并以5篇论文的形式（四篇已发表，一篇在审）阐述了我们的观点：最早的使用石灰石配釉的陶瓷器应是隋唐时期的邢窑化妆土白瓷，随着白瓷的流行，这一技术在唐代在北方各窑场传播开来。唐末至五代，邢窑衰落，部分南迁的北方陶瓷工匠将白瓷的生产技术带至景德镇。五代时期，景德镇开始生产白瓷，而这些白瓷是中国南方最早的石灰釉瓷器，即石灰釉技术随着北方白瓷的技术南迁被传播到了南方。宋代景德镇的青白瓷均为石灰石配釉，随着青白瓷的流行与制作技术的传播，石灰釉技术进一步从景德镇传播到了其他南方窑场。