中国榕属无花果亚属(Ficus subg. Ficus)的分类学研究

Subg. Ficus (Ficus, Moraceae) have the most species diversity in the genus Ficus of China and are often associated with the Sino-Himalayan-Malesian region. These figs form the unique mutualistic-symbiosis with their hostspecific pollinators. However, the present situation that its species diversity, wide distribution, variously morphological character, insufficient collections and records of specimen with fig fruits at male flower stage or female flower stage, and the terrible mixture of its own phylogenetic characters and the convergent evolution characters resulting from the fig-wasp coevolution pressure exist, pose great challenges to the taxonomy and phylogenetic study of subg. Ficus, making the process of taxonomic revision slow, much taxonomic problems unresolved, some treatments worthy of discussion, and the relationship of groups among subgenera and infrasections unclear. This study aims to solve the bequeathal taxonomic problems of subg. Ficus by performing morphological, micromorphological-antonomical study and molecular phylogenetical study, filtering phylogenetic characters, exploring the relationship among infra-subgenera entities, delimiting those problematic species and those interspecific variance in complexes, and also provide data for worldwide revision of Ficus. This study is first to perform taxonomic revision work for chinese fig species utilizing multidisciplinary methods.

榕属无花果亚属(Ficus subg. Ficus, Berg 2003)是我国榕属植物中物种多样性最高的亚属，集中分布在喜马拉雅-中国-马来西亚区域，它们与其传粉者构成了独特的互惠共生关系。然而由于种类多、分布广、形态变异大、雌花期及雄花期榕果标本采集及记录不全，加上榕-蜂协同进化压力下形成的趋同进化性状与榕树本身的系统发育性状相混杂，给该亚属的分类学和系统学研究造成了极大困难，分类修订工作进展缓慢，不少种类的分类学问题没有得到解决，一些种类的处理值得商榷，亚属和组下类群间的关系模糊不清。本项目拟主要针对国产无花果亚属开展形态学、微形态解剖学、分子系统学研究，筛选系统发育性状，探讨亚属下类群间的亲缘关系、确定有争议种类的身份、理清复合群内种间界限，解决国产无花果亚属分类上存在的诸多遗留问题，为世界榕属植物的修订积累新资料。本项目为首次应用多学科手段进行中国榕属的分类修订工作。

本项目主要进行了中国无花果亚属矮小天仙果复合群、粗叶榕复合群相关种类的比较形态解剖学、分子系统学研究。观察记录了生境及物候特点、叶片横切面、种子形态和表面纹饰、隐头花序内雌花、雄花及瘿花的形态特点及分布、数量，表皮毛被及钟乳体构造等特征的变异规律和变异幅度，并绘制了51幅形态解剖图版。应用DNA片段联合进行系统发育分析及SSR聚类分析，结合形态学证据，阐明了无花果亚属并非单系，其中Ficus亚组与Frutescentiae亚组关系较远；明确了Frutescentiae亚组是一个获得高度支持的单系群，其中的矮小天仙果复合群包含约17个分类群，其中5个物种身份已得到确认，而其余分类群的身份尚未彻底解决；明确了黄毛榕，粗叶榕、金毛榕和极简榕为同一物种，并对其进行了分类修订。这些成果为中国榕属植物的全面修订奠定了基础。