雅鲁藏布江流域水文过程多尺度监测研究

The deficiency in monitoring data of hydrological process in the cold plateau region becomes the bottleneck restriction for the development of cryosphere hydrology. This project is proposed on the basis of the scientific concepts of two NSFC major research plans for the southwest source regions of Yangtze River and Yellow River, “the response mechanisms of runoff with different sources on the climate change” and “the migration and transformation rule of various biogenic substances”. Four tasks are concluded in this project. (1) Research on technical methods and instrumentations is carried out for monitoring the hydrological process in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin characterized by high mean altitude, many alpines and gorges, and complicated natural conditions. (2) On the basis of conventional hydrometry, a monitoring scheme for hydrological processes is established and operated through four-scales nested basins from unit landform catchments, experimental watersheds, a verification basin, to a utility basin. (3) By using the existing X-band dual polarization Doppler rainfall radar, a scheme combined with point and surface is established and operated to monitor the horizontal and perpendicular change of precipitation in the verification basin. (4) The data sets of the underlying surface of basins, historic hydrological monitoring, real-time monitoring, hydrochemistry, and water quality are complied and shared with standard forms. For the cold plateau region, this project will promote significantly the capability and technological level of the hydrological process monitoring, and serve relative researches on scale effects of hydrological process, runoff components analyses, runoff variations, horizontal and perpendicular distributions of areal precipitation, etc. This project will also provide verification data sets for researches on precipitation remote sensing, snow mantle storage and its variations, etc, in the cold plateau region.

高原寒区水文过程监测数据匮乏是冰冻圈水文学发展的瓶颈。本项目围绕重大研究计划的“不同水源的径流对气候变化的响应机理”和“径流变化下生源物质的迁移转化规律”科学问题，针对雅鲁藏布江流域平均海拔高、高山峡谷多、自然环境条件复杂等特点，研究适用于高原寒区水文过程监测的技术方法和仪器设备；在已有常规水文监测基础上，构建从单一类型集水区、实验流域、验证流域到应用流域的四种尺度嵌套流域的水文过程监测方案并开展监测；利用已有的双偏振X波段多普勒降水观测雷达，构建验证流域点面结合的降水水平和垂直方向变化监测方案并开展监测；标准化整编和共享流域下垫面数据、历史和实时监测水文数据、水质检测分析数据等。本项目的实施将显著提升高原寒区水文过程监测的能力和技术水平，为高原寒区水文过程的尺度效应、径流组分解析、径流变化、降水水平和垂直变化等研究服务，为高原寒区降水的卫星遥感监测、积雪储量及其变化监测等提供验证数据。

高原寒区水文过程监测数据匮乏是冰冻圈水文学发展的瓶颈。本项目围绕重大研究计划的“不同水源的径流对气候变化的响应机理”和“径流变化下生源物质的迁移转化规律”科学问题，针对雅鲁藏布江流域平均海拔高、高山峡谷多、自然环境条件复杂等特点，开展了四项研究内容：高原寒区水文过程监测多维途径和方法、雅鲁藏布江多尺度水文过程要素监测、降水水平和垂直变化监测和监测数据的标准化整编与共享。取得的重要结果包括六个方面。1）降雨高精度观测技术：开发了翻斗式雨量计率定系统，对国外内多种雨量计进行率定，得到计量误差特性。2）雪水当量观测技术：开展了高原寒区融雪雨量计电加热系统的试验，对雨量计加热模块试验的结果表明，并联直流供电变频加热方式更适合高原寒区融雪型雨量计应用。3）降水观测订正技术：比较了单个雨量计加设Alter防风圈和Tretyakov防风圈在不同风速下的风场特性，深入掌握这两种防风圈对提升降水收集率的作用。4）在线流量监测技术：开展了基于视频的河流表面流速实时监测，以及根据实时监测流速计算水文断面流量等研究，提出了基于高性能视频的在线流量监测系统方案，和基于高精度GNSS无人机的高性能视频图像标定技术方法。5）降水水平和垂直变化监测分析：在滁州综合水文实验基地，应用X波段多普勒双偏振测雨雷达观测面雨量，并利用地面实测降雨数据与雷达数据进行对比。6）新监测技术方法推广研究：将高精度降雨测量方案在江苏无锡气象、水文站推广适用，用于解决气象部门监测的降雨量常大于水文部门的问题，改进气象和水文业务部门的降雨观测精度。发表论文33篇，授权专利12项，申请软件著作6项。本项目的成果将显著提升高原寒区水文过程监测的能力和技术水平，为高原寒区水文过程的尺度效应、径流组分解析、径流变化、降水水平和垂直变化等研究服务，为高原寒区降水的卫星遥感监测、积雪储量及其变化监测等提供验证数据。