煤矿大范围破坏的冲击地压发生机制研究

Understanding the mechanism of rock burst occurrence and proposing effective methods for its prevention and control have both theoretical and practical significances. This project will analyze the main features of the phenomena of rock burst, extract the characteristic elements, and establish mechanical models and mathematical methods which can describe rock burst behavior. A comprehensive method combining theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and laboratory test will be used. The transformation of stress states in mining influenced area and dynamic-static loads will be investigated for both mine scale and coalfield scale. The evolution and formation of stress, especially the stress condition of wide-ranging destruction induced rock burst, will be discussed. The material destruction and structural failure characteristics of coal and rock under different dynamic-static loading and loading paths will be tested. Concepts of "stress flow" and "energy flow" of coal and rock will be illustrated. The conditions leading to sudden destruction of the materials and structures of coal, rock and coal-rock assembles will be traced, and the process and conditions for frictional instability of coal-rock assembles will be studied. Mechanical criteria will be proposed to explain the occurrence of rock burst due to material destruction and structure failure of coal and rock, and the influence of dynamic-static loading on the occurrence of rock burst and its chaotic mechanism are expected to be obtained. The main mining activity, which can influence the stress re-distribution and the destruction development of coal and rock, will be studied at different engineering scales. Innovative controlling theories and techniques of rock burst will be proposed based on "stress flow" and "energy flow" concepts. The present project is expected to provide theoretical and technical supports for preventing and controlling rock burst.

弄清冲击地压发生机理，提出有效防治技术，具有重要理论意义和现实需求。本项目通过分析冲击地压现象的主要特征，提炼特征要素，建立描述冲击地压的力学模型与数学方法；采用理论分析、数值模拟与实验室试验等方法，研究矿井尺度及矿区尺度下采动空间受力状态与动静载荷的转化过程，探讨应力的演化与形成机制，重点探讨大范围破坏导致冲击地压的应力条件；研究不同动静载及不同加载路径下煤岩及其组合体的材料破坏与结构破坏特性，建立煤岩体“应力流”和“能量流”概念，寻找导致煤岩及其组合体材料和结构突然破坏的条件，获得煤岩组合体发生摩擦滑动失稳的过程及条件，给出煤岩材料和结构破坏导致冲击地压发生的力学判据，获得动静载对冲击地压发生的影响规律与混沌机制；研究不同工程尺度条件下主要采动影响导致煤岩体应力重新分布的规律与破坏失稳发展规律，提出冲击地压的“应力流”和“能量流”控制理论与技术。研究将为冲击地压防治提供理论与技术支撑。

煤矿大范围破坏冲击地压的发生机理复杂、防控难度极大，直接影响我国煤矿的安全生产和能源的有效供给。阐明大范围破坏冲击地压发生机理，形成成熟有效的防治技术，对煤矿安全生产具有重要意义。项目通过理论研究、实验室试验、数值模拟、现场实测、工程实践等方法，针对煤矿大范围破坏的冲击地压发生机制进行了系统研究。基于对煤矿大范围破坏冲击地压的主要特征的深入分析，建立了煤岩体应力与结构演化规律的张量表征方法，形成了描述冲击地压的“应力流、能量流”数学方法，初步实现了冲击地压的数学描述。在冲击地压“三因素”机理的基础上，深入分析冲击地压“应力流、能量流”演化规律，同时结合岩爆与冲击地压的异同点，将我国煤矿冲击地压划分为煤层材料失稳型、煤层结构失稳型、顶板断裂型、断层滑移错动型共4种类型。在实验室开展了煤岩及其组合体在不同动静载应力路径下的材料与结构的破坏特征研究，建立了材料破坏与结构破坏的力构特征判据，进一步给出煤岩材料和结构破坏导致冲击地压发生的力学判据，获得动静载对冲击地压发生的影响规律。应用数值模拟方法，模拟还原了在采动影响下，煤岩体应力流、能量流的运移、演化规律，明确了煤矿冲击地压的应力源头。针对深部开采冲击地压灾害类型与特点，提出了冲击地压多尺度分源防控技术，根据冲击地压矿井各阶段防冲工作重点及现场实际生产条件，确定了相应的应力控制技术，形成了深部开采冲击地压动态防控技术体系。在义马矿区、抚顺矿区、呼吉尔特矿区、纳林河矿区等多地开展了工程实践，实践证明项目研究成果能够有效防止冲击地压的发生。项目研究成果及其转化应用，可为煤矿大范围破坏的冲击地压防治提供理论与技术基础。项目执行期间共计发表学术论文27篇，出版专著2部，授权专利23项，获得科研奖励9项，进行人才培养15人。