多孔菌目原毛平革菌类真菌的分类与系统发育研究

Phanerochaetoid fungi is a group of corticioid fungi, which are morphologically similar and phylogenetically close to Phanerochaete. This group includes about 190 species in 11 genera. They nested within Phanerochaetaceae, Irpicaceae and Meruliaceae clades of the Polyporales. Phanerochaetoid fungi are widely distributed in nature and ecologically important by causing white rots of all kinds of wood. Although this group has been intensively studied by mycologists, at present (1) the biodiversity in tropical and subtropical areas is still understudied; (2) many species are not sequenced and phylogenetically studied; (3) the morphological circumscriptions between some genera or clades are unclear; (4) the phylogenetic relationship between Phanerochaetoid fungi and related genera, such as Phlebia s.l. and Ceriporia s.l., are not resolved. Thus, in this project, we first plan to carry out a national wide survey of Phanerochaetoid fungi in different types of forest. Then, we discuss and resolve the taxonomic and phylogenetic problems of Phanerochaetoid fungi and the related groups by studying the specimens and cultures through modern methods. The results of this project can help to improve a natural and reasonable taxonomic system of Polyporales, and provide basic supports for the protection and utilization of the forest fungi resources.

原毛平革菌类真菌是指形态上跟原毛平革菌属相似亲缘关系又接近的一大类革菌，包括11属约190种。他们在系统发育树上分布在担子菌门多孔菌目的原毛平革菌科、耙齿菌科和皱皮菌科分枝中。这类真菌在自然界广泛存在，引起各种木材的白色腐朽，具有重要的生态学意义。尽管国内外菌物学家曾对该类群真菌开展过系统性的研究，但是目前该类真菌在热带和亚热带地区的物种多样性还有待于进一步挖掘；很多已知种类的分类地位还不明确；各个属（分枝）之间的形态界定还不清晰；他们与其他类群（如射脉菌属和蜡孔菌属）的系统发育关系尚未理清。本项目拟在全国范围内开展该类真菌的资源调查，通过对标本和菌种材料进行现代形态学和分子系统学的研究，弄清楚他们在我国的物种多样性，解决该类真菌内部以及他们与相近类群之间存在的分类和系统发育关系问题，完善多孔菌目更加自然合理的分类系统，为我国森林真菌资源的保护和利用提供基础依据。

本项目对多孔菌目射脉菌类分支，即原毛平革菌科、耙齿菌科和皱皮菌科3个科中的原毛平革菌类真菌的资源、分类与系统发育学进行了全面而系统的研究。项目执行期间，赴我国11个省、市、自治区的113个自然保护区、森林公园或风景区采集到原毛平革菌类真菌标本532号；采用形态学和分子系统学相结合的方法，对新鲜采集和实验室馆藏的950余号标本进行了研究，取得了如下结果：（1）获取了大量ITS和LSU等基因序列；（2）发表新种38个，提出新组合种9个，新名称1个；发现拟定新种11个；记载中国新记录属1个，中国大陆新记录种15个；（3）确定南方齿菌属和约氏革菌属为拟射脉菌属的同物异名，黄齿革菌属为耙齿菌属的同物异名，确定4个种为其他种的同物异名；（4）确定无锁革菌属、叠生星毛革菌属和射脉菌属在系统发育上仍是多系的。通过本项目的研究，极大地提高了对我国乃至世界木材腐朽真菌多样性的认识，积累了大量标本和基因资源，解决了一些属、种的分类地位，完善了射脉菌类分支内部接近自然合理的分类系统；但由于新冠疫情的原因，项目的执行受到了一定的影响，该类真菌的资源和物种多样性仍需进一步挖掘，少数属和分支的系统发育关系还有待于进一步明确。