三江平原雪地活跃跳虫谱系地理演化及其物种多样性维持机制

Endemic soil organisms finding and it' biodiversity study is a typical and hot field in soil ecology and bio-geography. These special organisms not only can reflect the relationship between creatures and its environment now, but also tell us the routes that these living things evolved together with their environment in a long geo-history. All these knowledges would help to catch biodiversity pattern and its origin in the world. Many studies have shown that there are plenty of soil fauna in the world, but some of them only distribute in a narrow region. Comparing with plant, soil animal biodiversity pattern is very special and different. Snow-living Collembola is a typical endemic soil animal. It always homes in high latitude and polar region, and booms in winter. All these living characteristics above attract all world scientists' interesting. In this project, we use snow-living Collembola as materials, which were firstly found in Sanjiang Plain in 2010 and there are big abundance and richness as we knew, to study its species origin and how its biodiversity maintain in snowing season. We first use molecular methods to collect its DNA data to trace where it come from, then take three observing experiments in regions and make a controlling experiment in a long term filed station to get its meta communities in different lonely patches and local population changes under different snow covers. Our aims are to find how these special snow active animals keep their biodiversity in modern changing and cold environments in Sanjiang Plain, China. All the works would help us to understand regional biodiversity pattern origin in Sanjiang Plain, and also will offer useful and helpful support to biodiversity defense in this region, and truly push new advance of biodiversity studies in high latitude and extreme environments in China.

生态特征独特且地理分布区域有限土壤生物的发现及其物种多样性形成与维持，一直是土壤生物学科经典和前沿工作之一。这类生物不仅可反映现今生物与环境的关系，还能辨识生物与环境协同演化历史过程，并有助于理解区域生物多样性格局形成原因。已有的研究表明土壤动物种类繁多且数量巨大，其中有很多动物分布范围狭小，地理分布格局与生态特征独特，雪地活跃跳虫就属这样一类土壤动物。该类动物主要生活于极地和高纬，一年中繁盛于积雪时节，因特征独特引人关注。本项目以发现于三江平原且种类和数量均丰富的雪地活跃跳虫为研究对象，通过微观分子生态与宏观种群研究相结合，解析其与极地及高纬地区其他雪地活跃跳虫生物地理联系，追溯三江平原该类跳虫谱系地理演化来历，同时揭示其人类活动影响下的种群状态，阐明积雪时节其物种多样性是如何维持的。研究结果有助于深挖现今我国中高纬生物多样性格局及成因，同时也可为三江平原生物物种多样性保护提供理论支持。

生态特征独特且地理分布区域有限土壤生物的发现及其物种多样性形成与维持，一直是土壤生物学科经典和前沿工作之一。雪地活跃跳虫就属这样一类土壤动物。该类动物主要生活于极地和高纬，一年中繁盛于积雪时节，因特征独特引人关注。本项目以发现于三江平原且种类和数量均丰富的雪地活跃跳虫为研究对象，通过微观分子生态与宏观种群研究相结合，研究其区域物种多样性格局、形成与维持机制。研究结果显示，三江平原雪地活跃跳虫种类丰富，高于周边的小兴安岭、长白山和松嫩平原；三江平原雪地活跃跳虫的遗传格局以那丹哈达岭-完达山为界可以分成南北两个大的区域，北部虽然成种古老，区域内的雪地活跃跳虫多为外部区域扩散而来；三江平原雪地活跃跳虫完整的雪地跳虫生活史估计时间至少1年才能完成，主要活跃的温度范围0-10℃，低温产卵、孵化，适合的降水范围为大于500mm区域或者环境水分丰沛的湖边或实湿地等区域，雪地跳虫的食物主要是微生物，积雪的厚度对雪地跳虫影响不大。土地利用变化对雪地生活跳虫多样性影响不显著，只对对其丰富度和群落组成影响显著。上述结果表明，雪地跳虫多样性的维持主要受限于区域环境温度和水分，人类活动目前的强度尚未对其造成根本伤害。