The initiation of fracture in shale has a fundamental importance for hydraulic fracturing in shale gas. Especially, the complicated field situations will have a consequence, such that the fracture initiates under complex loading. However, petroluem industry has little understandings about the fracture initiation in shale, which poses a challenge to shale gas. In this study, the latest optical approaches, such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and digital image correlation (DIC), are going to be used to obtain the displacement fields surrounding the crack tip in a scale of microns. The information of the displacements can be applied to understand the fracture initiation in shale under mixed-mode (mode I and II) and mode II loading. The characteristics of fracture initiation include fracture toughness, damage zone size, opening and sliding displacements at crack tip, etc. Thus the critirion of fracture initiaion, ie.(1)strength, (2) strain energy density, and (3) potential energy release rate, will be examined by experimental data. However the distributions of fractures undergrounds in the field are observed by seimic approach, which cannot supply enough information. Through the microcracks in the shale specimen by acoustic emission (AE) as a bridge, the connections between the field testing and laboratory testing can be set up. First, we will compare the AE locations and seimic results, and find their correlations;then estimate the field stress conditions based on field data; and then investigate the fracture or fracture networks underground by the lab testings and theoretical analyses; finally served for the in-situ problems and/or improve hydraulic fracturing techniques. Of course, the results and approaches of this study can also be applied to other tighted rocks.
在页岩气开发中,复杂应力状态下页岩裂缝发育机理的认知是水力压裂技术的一个关键问题。本课题拟用新近发展的光学技术,如电子散斑干涉和数字图像相关技术,对裂缝尖端的变形场进行大量的精确测量,了解复杂应力状态下页岩裂缝的发育特征,如断裂韧度、损伤区域尺寸、裂缝尖端的张开和滑动位移等。通过这些发育特征,验证或改进目前岩石裂缝发育的三种准则:(1)强度;(2)应变能密度;及(3)势能释放率准则,以揭示发育机理。 现场微震观测数据提供的有效信息相对不足,本课题拟通过声发射实验获得的细微裂缝分布为中介,建立一座联系理论研究和现场应用的桥梁。首先对比细微裂缝及微震图像,确认它们之间的相关性;然后根据现场观测数据,推算现场的应力分布情况;利用已得到的裂缝发育机理分析现场的裂缝或裂缝网络系,估计发育状况;为解决现场问题、改进水力压裂技术提供帮助。本课题的研究成果和过程对其它致密类岩石也具有借鉴意义和应用价值。
项目为研究各种研究复合载荷下页岩或其它致密类砂岩的裂缝发育,采用半圆盘斜裂缝和圆盘斜裂缝试样,通过光学技术包括电子散斑和电子图像相关技术,声学方面的声发射技术观察裂缝尖端的变形场及损伤场。(1)首先这些实验结果可以用于获得页岩或其它致密类砂岩的各种的发育特征:如裂缝主要特征的断裂韧度;裂缝尖端的发育区域,就是裂缝发展区的长度;裂缝尖端的张开位移,大概在60-80微米之间,大概在104-140N/mm;裂缝发展区的材料损伤特征;(2)II型载荷下的页岩裂缝发育特征,由于真正的滑动裂缝比较难于在实验室内实现,我们采用剪切载荷以观察页岩裂缝的发育,实验结果表明, 半圆盘斜裂缝试样及圆盘斜裂缝试样均无法获得完全的滑动裂缝;同时我们发现半圆盘斜裂缝试样比较容易出现复合裂缝,就是裂缝既有张开也有滑动,而完整圆盘斜裂缝试样一般只形成张开裂缝。(3)复合载荷下页岩裂缝的发育准则,通过对比三种准则,强度准则、应变能密度准则、以及势能释放率准则,实验表明强度准则是符合大部分实验结果的,强度依旧是实验室内控制裂缝发育的主要因素,而其它两种准则由于是基于金属性材料,与实验结果相符合程度较低。.项目的科学意义在于较全面地通过实验了解了页岩及致密类岩石裂缝发育过程的各种特征, 为页岩气及致密气开发的实验室测试、规范的制定等提供依据;较全面地对比了页岩及致密类岩石裂缝在不同复合载荷下的行为, 量化确认了剪切载荷对复合型裂缝发育的影响,能为页岩气及致密气开发的水力裂缝扩展的认知提供有效的的帮助;较清晰地认识到在无有效围压的情况下,不能形成 一条完全的滑动裂缝,为页岩气及致密气开发中地应力影响水力裂缝的扩展提供理论帮助;较清晰地认识到现有的半圆盘斜裂缝试样及圆盘斜裂缝试样存在严重问题,能为将来页岩或其它致密岩石的测试提供坚实的实验数据;较清晰地认识到复合载荷下页岩及致密类岩石的裂缝发育遵从强度准则, 能为页岩气及致密气开发中水力裂缝扩展路径的预测提供有效帮助。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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