旱作区集雨种植的水肥调控机制及对春玉米生长发育的影响研究

The dry farming area is one of the important agricultural production areas in China. In the region, the drought and water shortage for crops has become a common problem of agricultural drought in recent years. The result showed that water use efficiency in dryland was significantly increased by rainfall harvesting planting. In this experiment, we took spring corn as index crop and investigate the effect of rainfall harvesting planting on water and fertilizer and growth of spring corn. The experiment included two factors: ridge and furrow structure and rainfall amount. The main research showed as follows: (1) Effects of rainfall harvesting planting on temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture in the field; (2) Effects of rainfall harvesting planting on water use efficiency in the field and soil physical and chemical characteristics. (3) Effects of rainfall harvesting planting on growth and development, assimilative capacity and yield and its components of spring corn. (4) The interaction of different ridge and furrow structure and rainfall amount during corn growing periods on crop production under rainfall harvesting planting. The purpose of the experiment was to study the water regulation mechanism of rainfall harvesting planting in dry farming region, to reveal the water migration between the ridge and furrow, and to clarify the relationship between water and fertilizer regulation mechanism of rainfall harvesting planting and the rainfall amount during crop growing periods. The research could provide theoretical and technical foundation for perfecting rainfall harvesting planting pattern.

旱作农区是我国农业生产的重要区域，在该区，农作物干旱缺水已经成为当前农业干旱普遍存在的问题，近年来表现尤为突出。已有研究表明，集雨种植可显著提高旱地作物降水利用率。本研究拟以集雨种植为研究对象，以春玉米为供试材料，通过设置不同沟垄结构及不同雨量条件，进行以下主要研究：（1）旱作区集雨种植农田土壤水分空间分布特征及时空变化规律； （2）旱作区集雨种植农田水肥利用效率、土壤理化效应； （3）旱作区集雨种植对玉米生长发育、同化能力及产量构成的影响； （4）不同沟垄结构及作物生育期雨量对集雨种植作物生产力影响的交互作用。本项目旨在探明旱农区集雨种植农田水分调控机理，揭示沟垄间水分运移规律，阐明该种植模式水肥调控机制与作物生育期降雨量之间的关系，为集雨种植模式完善奠定理论和技术基础。

旱作农区是我国农业生产的重要区域，在该区，农作物干旱缺水已经成为当前农业干旱普遍存在的问题，近年来表现尤为突出。已有研究表明，集雨种植可显著提高旱地作物降水利用率。本研究拟以集雨种植为研究对象，以春播玉米为供试材料，通过在春玉米生育期内设置不同雨量条件，主要进行以下4方面研究：①旱作区集雨种植农田土壤水分空间分布特征及时空变化规律；②旱作区集雨种植农田水肥利用效率、土壤理化效应；③旱作区集雨种植对玉米生长发育、同化能力及产量构成的影响；④春玉米不同生育期雨量对集雨种植影响其生产力机理。本项目旨在探明旱农区集雨种植农田水分调控机理，揭示沟垄间水分运移规律，阐明该种植模式水肥调控机制与作物生育期降雨量之间的关系，为集雨种植模式完善奠定理论和技术基础。通过2013 -2015年连续三年的实验研究，结果表明：集雨种植在玉米生育期雨量较小时，主要使植沟中0-100cm土层水分含量增加，而当降雨量增大时，还可使更深土层含水量显著增加；集雨种植可以增加耕层的温度，尤其在晴天，其增温效果更加明显，并且随着作物生育期雨量的增加和土层的加深，地温增加量逐渐减小；在玉米播种后60天内，微集水种植沟中10cm处，在玉米生育期降雨量为230、340mm和440mm时，白天平均地温分别增加0.9-1℃、0.8-0.9℃和0.7-0.8℃；当玉米生育期雨量较大时，微集水种植对提高玉米光合效率和叶片水分利用效率较平作的优势减小，甚至当雨量增加到440mm或者更大时，玉米叶片短时水分利用效率反而降低；在全生育期230mm、340mm和440mm降雨量下，集水种植可使农田籽粒产量水分利用效率较同雨量下传统平作分别提高了11.3 kg•hm-2•mm-1（77.4%）、7.5 kg•hm-2•mm-1（43.1%）和1.7（9.45%）。以上研究成果为完善集雨种植模式提供一定的理论依据和技术优化途径，为集雨种植技术在旱作区成功推广和应用提供重要参考，具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。