超级电容储能系统在线状态监测与优化管理的基础研究

Supercapacitor is a new type of energy storage device suitable for large-scale energy storage application, and has been developing rapidly in recent years. Due to the limited performance of single supercapacitor, it’s necessary to combine a large number of cells together to meet the requirement of large-scale energy storage system. As the complexity of practical operational condition and nonuniformity among cells, how to make sure of the reliability and efficient operation of supercapacitor energy storage system under whole life cycle is a key problem. The research will focus on the following aspects: firstly, the thermal-electrical fusion model of supercapacitor and its on-line parameter identification methods will be studied based on the research of the its characteristics under different working condition; secondly, performance evaluation and system failure prediction methods will be proposed with the consideration of non-uniformity of supercapacitors and practical operational condition; then, optimized thermal-electrical system management methodology and control strategy will be further studied. The final purpose of this research is to realize the dynamic management based on the practical operational condition and the aging state of the supercapacitor energy storage system. The research will provide theoretical support for the system active safety management, durability improvement, as well as the development of supercapacitor and its management system.

超级电容器是近年来迅速发展的适用于规模化储能的新型储能器件。由于超级电容器单体性能有限，需要大量串并联组合成系统以满足规模化储能需求。面对规模化储能系统的复杂服役工况和各单体间的性能差异，如何保证超级电容储能系统在全寿命周期内安全、高效的运行是目前制约其规模化发展的瓶颈。为此，本课题将在分析储能系统中各单体超级电容器特性与服役工况特征的基础上，研究适合规模化储能的超级电容器电-热融合模型，取得其在线参数辨识与状态诊断方法；研究考虑单体不一致性的超级电容储能系统性能综合评价方法和系统老化失效预测模型，取得超级电容储能系统的电-热综合管理与充放电策略的优化方法，实现基于服役工况的超级电容储能系统动态优化管理。研究成果为系统主动安全管理和耐久性提升，以及我国核心基础零部件（元器件）超级电容器及其管理系统的研制提供理论支持。

超级电容器作为我国工业强基工程核心基础零部件，具有功率密度高、充放电速度快、工作温度范围宽、循环寿命长的突出优点，近年来在新能源发电与电网储能、轨道交通制动能量回收、交通运输工具电气化等规模化储能领域发展迅速。本项目以超级电容器储能系统为对象，针对超级电容系统管理的关键问题，研究不同工况下的超级电容器发热特性与电气特性，提取表征电热耦合特性的关键参数，建立超级电容器电热耦合模型，并提出模组温度热点分布在线估计算法，可通过少量温度测量点观测全局温度热点分布，实现不依赖大量温度传感器的超级电容模组温度热点分布的在线监测，突破工程中温度热点分布难以测试的瓶颈；研究超级电容循环老化数据和持续3年的实车运行数据，通过对比指出超级电容器循环老化和服役情况下老化路径的差异性，发现服役工况下的超级电容老化规律具有明显的季节性特征，容值和内阻在衰减的同时还会随季节性周期变化，并以此作为背景知识，提出了基于Prophet的超级电容寿命预测方法，并对预估结果利用滚动原点法进行交叉验证，结果具有合理性；基于模组的动态特性分析测试，获取动态特征参数与荷电状态的关系，提出了一种基于双卡尔曼滤波的超级电容荷电状态、能量状态、最大可用功率的联合估计算法，对荷电状态估计的误差在1.5%以内；研究了考虑超级电容模组不一致性的性能评价方法，基于主成分分析法提出了一种综合考虑单体的容值、内阻、端电压、荷电状态、能量状态差异的模组性能评价方法，能够有效定位性能最差单体。本研究为超级电容储能系统的电-热综合优化管理和安全、可靠运行提供了理论依据。