有限灌溉和荫蔽栽培下干热河谷区小粒咖啡提质高产机制

As the tropical agricultural products with unique advantages in Yunnan province, Coffea arabica L. has the growth habit of thermophilic cool and shading environment, and its planting area and yield account for 90% of China. Aiming at the problems of seasonal drought in dry-hot valley and extensive management of shading cultivation, Coffea arabica L. yield and quality can not be guaranteed, the project mainly studies the effects of limited irrigation and shading cultivation on canopy microclimate environment, physiological and ecological plasticity, water consumption, yield and quality of Coffea arabica L. in dry-hot valley, and seeks for the mechanism of water efficient use and increase yield and quality of Coffea arabica L. under limited irrigation and shading cultivation. Using fuzzy evaluation theory based on analytic hierarchy process, the project constructs comprehensive benefit evaluation model of different strategy of irrigation and shading cultivation. Aiming at good quality and high yield of Coffea arabica L., the project takes improvement of water use efficiency and optimal regulation of growth environment as core, quantitatively optimizes decision of irrigation and shading cultivation. On the basis of those, the project proposes optimal index and coupling mode of irrigation and shading cultivation of good quality and high yield of Coffea arabica L. in dry-hot valley, and realizes water-light efficient use and combined ecological planting. This project is of great theoretical and realistic significance and wide application prospect.

小粒咖啡是云南热带特色优势农产品，其种植面积及产量占全国90%以上，具有喜温凉和荫蔽环境的生长习性。本项目针对干热河谷区季节性干旱和小粒咖啡荫蔽栽培管理粗放，产量和品质得不到保证的问题，重点研究有限灌溉和荫蔽栽培对干热河谷区小粒咖啡的冠层微气候环境、生理生态可塑性、耗水量、产量和品质的影响，探明有限灌溉和荫蔽栽培下小粒咖啡水分高效利用和提质高产机理。采用基于层次分析法的模糊评价理论，构建小粒咖啡不同水光策略的综合效益评价模型，以提质高产为目标，以提高水分利用和生长微环境最优调控为核心，定量优化灌溉和荫蔽栽培决策。在此基础上提出干热河谷区小粒咖啡提质高产的最佳灌水和荫蔽栽培指标及耦合模式，实现水光耦合高效利用和生态复合种植的发展目标。该项目具有重要的理论和现实意义及广阔的应用前景。

本项目针对干热河谷区季节性干旱和小粒咖啡荫蔽栽培管理粗放，产量和品质得不到保证的问题，重点研究有限灌溉和荫蔽栽培对干热河谷区小粒咖啡的冠层微气候环境、生理生态可塑性、耗水量、产量和品质形成的影响，探明有限灌溉和荫蔽栽培下小粒咖啡水分高效利用和提质高产机理。研究干热区小粒咖啡水光耦合效应发现，与充分灌溉FI相比，调亏灌溉显著抑制叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率，RDI75（灌水量为充分灌溉的75%）增加叶片表观光能利用效率7.63%，同时增加干豆中脂肪和绿原酸含量5.97%和10.24%，和RDI50显著增加干豆中咖啡因含量，但是降低叶片表观光能利用效率和水分利用效率。与自然光照相比，遮荫增加叶片表观光能利用效率18.25%-84.74%，S70（自然光照的70%）增加叶片净光合速率和叶片水分利用效率25.97%和20.37%，增加干豆产量和水分利用效率27.22%和26.79%，同时增加干豆中总糖和绿原酸含量6.25%和5.54%。与FIS100（充分灌溉不遮荫）相比，RDI75S70提高干豆产量和水分利用效率27.97%和44.54%，干豆中总糖、蛋白质、脂肪和绿原酸含量分别增加12.23%、14.07%、6.62%和9.98%，而咖啡因含量降低8.30% RDI75S70的综合效益最优。香蕉荫蔽栽培模式和亏缺灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡的产量和品质的影响发现，FISM（充分灌溉+3行咖啡间作1行香蕉）的咖啡干豆产量最高（5854.34 kg·hm-2），总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、绿原酸和水浸出物含量较大，咖啡因和粗纤维含量较小。与充分灌溉处理相比，轻度亏缺灌溉处理的咖啡因增加5.22%，绿原酸减少9.76%，重度亏缺灌溉处理的产量、脂肪、绿原酸和水浸出物分别减少30.52%、5.96%、10.55%和4.95%，咖啡因和粗纤维分别增加13.56%和9.90%。与咖啡单作相比，SM处理增加产量18.52%，且显著增加绿原酸和水浸出物。从小粒咖啡提质增产的综合效益考虑，建议干热区小粒咖啡灌水处理和香蕉荫蔽栽培模式的最佳组合选用中度荫蔽栽培下充分灌水（FISM）。该结果可为干热区小粒咖啡水光管理提供理论依据，实现水光耦合高效利用和生态复合种植的发展目标，具有重要的理论和现实意义及广阔的应用前景。