基于蛋白石光子晶体的结构色纤维/织物的制备及其生色机理研究

Conventional textile printing and dyeing industry mainly use colorants to colour textiles, which causes problems such as water- and energy-consumption, heavy pollution, thus how to develop a novel eco-friendly coloration technology that is free from colorants is the key question to solve in modern textile industry. In this study, by mimicking the microstructure of natural opals, photonic crystals will be produced on the fibre/fabric surface through the method of particle self-assembly, and then the mechanism and influencing factor of the produced structural colour will be studied, so that the properties of the structural colour can be precisely controlled. Recently, the applicant has produced structurally coloured photonic crystals on the fabric surface by using gravity sedimentation self-assembly method, and preliminarily studied the factors that affecting the structural colour. However, the optical property of the structural colour needs to be improved, the regularity of the factors that affecting the structural colour effect on the fabric is not so clear. In this work, it is planned to produce structurally coloured textiles based on silica particles, then by taking into account the factors such as self-assembly processing parameters, photonic crystal structure, fibre/fabric structure, and textile base colour, the coloration mechanism of such coloured textiles is to be further studied, the key factors and regularity of the structural colour will be clarified, the behaviour and mechanism of particle self-assembly will be revealed. In addition, the model of relationship between photonic crystal structure and resulting structural colour are to be established. This work suggested a green strategy for textile coloration without using any colourants.

传统纺织印染行业主要依赖着色剂对纺织品上色，存在耗水耗能、污染严重等问题，因此开发天然环保、不含着色剂的新型染色技术是当前纺织行业迫切需要解决的关键问题。本项目拟通过模仿天然蛋白石的微观结构，采用颗粒自组装技术，在纤维/织物表面构造蛋白石的光子晶体结构，研究纤维/织物结构色的生色机理与影响因素，为精准调控纺织品结构色的性能提供实践与理论指导。近期申请者利用重力沉降法在织物表面获得光子晶体结构色，初步分析了结构色的影响因素，但所获得结构色的光学性能有待提高，影响结构色效果的规律尚不明确。本项目中，申请者拟以二氧化硅颗粒为模板制备结构色纺织品，结合自组装工艺参数、光子晶体结构、纤维/织物结构、纤维/织物底色等因素，进一步展开纺织品结构生色机理的研究，明确纤维/织物结构生色的关键因素和规律，揭示胶体颗粒自组装行为和机制，建立光子晶体与纺织品结构色关系的模型，提供了一种不含着色剂的绿色染色途径。

近年来，随着国家双碳目标的实施和纺织行业的绿色可持续发展，光子晶体结构生色技术得到越来越多的关注，这种无需染料和颜料的染色技术将为生态纺织、智能纺织及时尚产业等领域带来潜在应用。本项目受自然界天然蛋白石宝石的启发，制备了基于胶体二氧化硅(SiO2)微球的人造蛋白石光子晶体结构色薄膜及结构色纺织品等超材料，并揭示了其结构生色机理和颜色调控机制。主要研究内容和结果如下：（1）提出一种简单、高效、精准调控SiO2纳米颗粒的工艺方法——溶剂调控法，即仅通过改变溶剂乙醇的体积，固定其余反应试剂用量和工艺参数，就可以制备出粒径在100-500nm，且分散系数PDI小于0.1的二氧化硅纳米颗粒。研究发现粒径与乙醇体积存在高度吻合的线性关系，这为后续高质量微球的预测和制备提供理论和实验基础；（2）基于述溶剂调控法，首先制备了均匀的三种不同粒径（200-350nm）的SiO2纳米颗粒，通过不同粒径的混合进行自组装，获得非晶光子晶体结构色薄膜。研究发现，改变颗粒混合比例即可快速制备全光谱色的结构色，并分析了粒径、混合比例等因素对光子晶体结构及颜色角度依赖性的影响关系，揭示了非晶材料结构色的生色机理及颜色调控规律；（3）将不同粒径SiO2（220-400nm）自组装到不同组织结构的针织物表面，获得结构色针织物。结果表明，不同粒径的SiO2纳米颗粒在针织物上产生了不同的结构色，结构色的反射波峰的波长由SiO2的粒径决定，且符合布拉格衍射定律。此外，研究发现，相较于机织物，针织物具有更加粗糙的表面，因此更易形成非晶光子晶体结构，获得非角度依赖/低角度依赖的结构色。本项目为纺织基材提供了一种无需染料和颜料的光子晶体结构生色染色方法，为非晶光子晶体结构色超材料的开发与应用提供重要的理论与实验依据。