寒区沼泽湿地演变驱动机制及生态需水调控研究

Wetland is the unique multipurpose ecosystem and the ecological landscape with biodiversity,and it is also the most important living conditions for human being. Zhalong wetland as the typical representative of the marsh wetland in cold region was studied，evapotranspiration in Zhalong wetland was investigated at three different scales (station, sub-wetland and wetland).In station scale, the multi-cylinder evapotranspirometer was developed for obtaining data of evapotranspiration from vegetation and evaporation from open water surface. Then, the expansion effect of evapotranspiration between station and sub-wetland is studied through comparing analysis of evapotranspiration after measuring the water balance items of sub-wetland. As a result of that, evaporation and transpiration in Zhalong wetland can be obtained separately. Analyze the eco-hydrologic impact of regional climatic changes and human factors based on Zhalong wetland eco-hydrological characteristics. Wetland eco-environment evolution main driving factors and individual influence will be revealed and identified in this study. Take the surface area, reed area, avifauna variety and water quality as ecological environment indexes, discuss the response of ecological environment to hydrology state. The study developed a wetland hydrological model based on reservoir model concept. The model divided wetland to interconnected wetland units according to topographic features. A method to calculate wetland ecological water requirement is provided based on wetland hydrological model. And it can establish wetland ecological water resupplement time and quantity by using wetland hydrological model. With the project, it will provide scientific basis for protection and restoration of marsh wetland in cold region.

湿地是多功能的独特生态系统，是自然界最富有生物多样性的生态景观和人类重要的生存环境之一。本研究选择寒区沼泽湿地-扎龙湿地为典型研究区域，从站点、单元和区域三个尺度对扎龙湿地蒸散规律进行系统监测，获取植被蒸散量和水面蒸发量数据，开展单元水量收支率定和蒸散量核算分析，实现区域蒸发量和蒸腾量的区别反演；探明区域气候变化和人为因素对生态水文的影响，识别湿地生态环境演变的主驱动因子并辨识其相对贡献；揭示湿地水面面积、芦苇覆盖面积、鸟类多样性和水质等指标对水文状态变化的响应关系；引入修正系数处理寒区湿地的冻结和解冻效应，建立能够模拟寒区沼泽湿地水循环过程的半分布式湿地水循环模型，提出基于水循环模拟的湿地生态需水计算方法，模拟给出湿地生态补水的时机和规模，为寒区沼泽湿地保护与修复提供科学支撑。

本研究选择寒区沼泽湿地-扎龙湿地为典型研究区域，从站点、单元和区域三个尺度对扎龙湿地蒸散规律进行系统监测，获取植被蒸散量和水面蒸发量数据，开展了单元水量收支率定和蒸散量核算分析，实现了区域蒸发量和蒸腾量的区别反演；初步探明了区域气候变化和人为因素对生态水文的影响，识别湿地生态环境演变的主驱动因子并辨识了其相对贡献；揭示了湿地水面面积、芦苇覆盖面积、鸟类多样性和水质等指标对水文状态变化的响应关系；引入修正系数处理寒区湿地的冻结和解冻效应，构建了能够模拟寒区沼泽湿地水循环过程的半分布式湿地水循环模型，提出了基于水循环模拟的湿地生态需水计算方法，模拟给出了湿地生态补水的时机和规模，研究成果可为寒区沼泽湿地保护与修复提供科学支撑。