城市形态学视角下大遗址区“活态遗址”的保护发展机制与策略研究

Based on the theory of urban morphology, this research explores the conservation and development of living heritages on the archaeological heritage sites in China. Recent years have witnessed the large scale relocation of indigenous residents as well as the building of heritage parks on the archaeological heritage sites in China, which are taken as the predominant measures of protecting the heritage sites and resolving the local poverty problems. It is noteworthy that rapid transformation of the heritage sites also brings about irreversible changes of the local indigenous residential settlement forms. From the viewpoint of urban historical conservation in terms of historical integration, authenticity, and continuity, serious doubt is cast upon these popular practices. Nevertheless, such practices could not be systematically and scientifically accounted for with the available theories of heritage conservation and urban development. Stemmed from the theory of urban morphology and the application of multi-disciplinary knowledge, this research selects a number of archaeological heritage sites of paramount importance and conducts in-depth examinations of the important issues about living heritages, in terms of the identification of the living heritages’ morphological components, the analysis of embedded values, the categorization of confronted risks and their classified assessment, and the investigation of the operation mechanisms and strategies on the conservation and development of living heritages. It is expected that a set of holistic indicators and concrete countermeasures to protect the living heritages on the archaeological heritage sites will be established through this research project. The research findings will complete the theories and systems of conservation and development of archaeological heritage sites in China. In addition, the research findings will provide theoretical and technical support of paramount importance to the on-going practices of heritage conservation and development within the urban areas of China.

本研究从城市形态学理论出发，探讨我国大遗址区“活态遗址”的保护与发展问题。近年来，我国许多地方在对大遗址实施保护和解决遗址区经济落后的问题时，都采取将原址居民外迁，并将大遗址“公园化”的措施。随着遗址区的快速改观，当地原有聚落形态也发生了不可逆转的变化。从城市历史保护的连续性、真实性与完整性角度来看，这些做法具有不少挑战。既有的大遗址保护和城市发展理论尚未形成系统充分的科学解释。本课题从城市形态学理论出发，综合运用多学科知识，选取我国重要的聚落型大遗址案例，针对“活态遗址”的形态构成要素认定、内在“价值”因素、面临的风险分类与分级评估、以及保护发展的工作机制与策略等内容开展研究。课题预期形成一套针对大遗址区“活态遗址”的整体保护指标体系和具体保护对策。课题成果将完善我国的大遗址保护与利用理论体系，并对我国聚落型大遗址的保护与发展实践提供重要的理论和技术支撑。

本研究从城市形态学理论出发，探讨我国大遗址区“活态遗址”的保护与发展问题。近年来，我国许多地方在对大遗址实施保护和解决遗址区经济落后的问题时，都采取将原址居民外迁，并将大遗址“公园化”的措施。随着遗址区的快速改观，当地原有聚落形态也发生了不可逆转的变化。从城市历史保护的连续性、真实性与完整性角度来看，这些做法具有不少挑战。既有的大遗址保护和城市发展理论尚未形成系统充分的科学解释。本课题从城市形态学理论出发，综合运用多学科知识，选取汉长安城遗址区为例，针对大遗址区历史形态演变过程及结果、“活态遗址”的价值评估及其可持续性、历史地段空间发展的风险及其可持续性、以及历史地段聚居环境保护发展策略等内容开展研究。研究发现，不同历史时期汉长安城的物质空间环境都较好地反映和承载了当时的社会文化需求。但是随着《汉长安城遗址保护总体规划》的颁布实施，遗址区不少村落都进行了整体搬迁，从城市形态演变的视角来看，这些都造成了汉长安城形态特征的突变。基于“活态遗址”的价值评价，可以看出，从城市历史保护的完整性角度讲，遗址区长久延续的文化生活、教育与政治制度、街巷格局等，均是遗址区完整内容不可分割的一部分。居民对其拥有较高的认同感与归属感。对这些“活态遗址”内容的审慎处理，有助于从完整性与原真性层面促进人们对既有大遗址保护规划的再认识。本研究建议，可以通过改善当地居住物理环境、改善当地公共服务设施等措施去提升其社区环境，也可以通过重塑有活力的公共空间去提升居民对场所的认同，从而实现延续社区归属感，保留社区中原住居民氛围的目的。课题成果有助于完善人们对大遗址区可持续保护与再利用的正确认识，完善我国的大遗址保护与再利用理论体系，并对我国聚落型大遗址的保护与发展实践提供重要的理论和技术支撑。