基于地貌背景的豫西晋南地区新石器早中期粟作农业发展过程分析

The Early and Middle Neolithic period witnessed an increasing millet cultivation and cultural expansion in Northern China, which formed a crucial stage to lay the foundation for the Chinese civilization. It was considered that the climate change played an important role for the cultural expansion during this period. And this was also a transition period from the foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum) domestication to an agriculture society dominated by millet cultivation. However, the agricultural development and its influence on the Neolithic cultural evolution remain unclear. Previous research mainly focused on the climate influence on the agricultural development. Less attention has been paid on the geomorphological reasons, which might have relative greater influence on agriculture in the particular regions. This project will target the east of Henan Province and south of Shanxi Province as main research area, in which is a continuity of Neolithic culture and the complex geomorphological features. The archaeological survey and target excavation will be carried out, and plant remains identification with carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis will be followed based on the main archaeological finds. A detailed investigation will also be carried out on topographical features, stratification and sediments in the main profile to reconstruct the paleogeomorphological environment. Integrating with GIS analysis, this project will aim to reveal the varieties of foxtail millet and common millet on different geomorphological locations and the developing process of millet cultivation during Early and Middle Neolithic period, and furthermore, the correlation between the geomorphological features and the type of agricultural sites. The relationships between millet cultivation and geomorphology will also be discussed. This research will provide the further understanding of the developing process and agent of the early millet cultivation in the core region of Chinese civilization, and its influence on cultural evolution during the Neolithic Period.

新石器早中期是我国北方遗址数量和文化规模显著增长的关键时段，为中华文明起源奠定了重要基础。新石器早中期文化大发展的主要因素被认为是气候变化，该时段也是驯化粟黍出现到以粟作农业为主的社会形成的过渡阶段，但农业发展过程及对新石器文化演化的影响尚不明晰。粟作农业发展动因方面多关注气候，区域尺度上地貌对农业的影响可能更大，但未受到足够的重视。本项目选择新石器文化连续、地貌复杂的豫西晋南地区，拟通过对新石器早中期遗址的考古调查及重点遗址发掘，获得关键考古材料，进行植物遗存鉴定、骨骼碳氮同位素分析；通过对地层地貌的考察及重点剖面的沉积物分析，进行古地貌环境研究。结合GIS等手段，揭示研究区新石器早中期不同地貌部位遗址粟黍比例变化，及不同生业模式类型遗址分布的地貌特征变化，探讨粟作农业发展过程及其和地貌环境的关系。该研究有助于理解中华文明起源核心区早期粟作农业发展历程和动力，及其对新石器文化演化的影响。

中国北方作为全球粟作农业的独立起源地，其农业起源的过程、动因、机制是国际学术界关注的热点问题。中原地区新石器时代早中期粟作农业的发展过程是研究中国北方粟作农业起源进程的重要内容。本项目在执行期间，在豫西伊洛河流域（洛阳盆地）、晋北滹沱河流域开展了野外调查，在60处新石器－商周时期遗址的考古文化层和灰坑采集了浮选样品160份，鉴定炭化植物遗存53836粒，鉴定动物骨骼121块，测定AMS14C年代28个，分析人和动物骨骼碳氮同位素数据11份（部分样品）。此外，对伊洛河一级阶地全新世早中期剖面和河南新密李家沟旧－新石器过渡遗址剖面开展测年和古环境代用指标分析。通过上述工作，我们在两方面取得了进展：首先，将中原地区乃至中国北方农业起源问题的研究进一步推进。通过构建基于生产可能性边界理论的转换模型，认为距今10000年前后的技术、气候和地貌环境、人口等因素对中国北方从狩猎采集向农业的转变过程起到了不同程度的促进作用；通过对伊洛河一级阶地全新世早中期钻孔的孢粉、粒度、磁化率等指标的分析，提出距今8800年前后区域植被环境从森林向草地的转变，以及本流域河漫滩逐渐出露稳定等环境因素加速了早期农业的发展，距今7200年之后气候环境的变暖进一步促进了仰韶农业的繁荣；通过对李家沟遗址剖面的研究提出了从旧石器晚期——新石器中期农业起源时期中原地区古人类生存的地貌环境演变模式及对应的气候植被演化特征。其次，对中原地区不同区域新石器早中期的农业发展进程进行了比较研究。对河南不同地貌区农业发展过程的研究发现，裴李岗－仰韶早期河南南北两区均以狩猎采集经济为主，但北区农业比重要高于南区，仰韶中期河南南北区狩猎采集经济与农业经济并重，仰韶晚期南北区农业均开始占主体地位，环境因素可能是重要动因；龙山时代中原地区逐渐形成以粟为主，黍、稻、大豆和小麦兼有的复合型农业，而江汉地区则是以稻为主的单一农业，这可能是龙山时代中原地区扩张与江汉地区衰落的重要原因之一。