耐用型低冰粘附抗结冰纳米界面材料

Ice accumulation can cause serious problems and irretrievable losses in daily life. Traditional de-icing methods exist many disadvantages, such as high energy consumption, low efficiency and high risk, which may also cause damage to equipment and environment. Superhydrophobic surface is considered to be an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly material due to its excellent delayed icing properties. However, the compositions and structures can be easily destroyed by friction and corrosion in natural environment, resulting in an obviously reduction in hydrophobic and anti-icing properties. In addition, the surface hydrophobicity will also decreases at a low temperature. After icing, the adhesion between the ice and micro/nano composite structure surfaces is much stronger than flat surfaces, which increased the difficulty of deicing. Focused on the above problems, this project intends to prepare the micro-nano composite structure surface with environmental stability by designing the superhydrophobic surface structure. The low surface energy substance can be firmly grafted on the surface via optimizing the modification method, which further enhance the environmental durability of the material. In addition, by introducing fluorine-containing organic liquids, the original solid-gas structure is improved to a solid-liquid composite superhydrophobic surface, which realizes the hydrophobicity and low adhesion of the surface at low temperature, enable the materials to achieve self-deicing ability under the action of micro-external forces in the natural environment. Finally, establish an improved surface wettability model considering low temperature environment and surface structure characteristics, systematically analyze the influence of structural sizes on anti-icing property, and provide guidance for ideal anti-icing material design.

结冰对人们的生产生活造成诸多困扰，传统除冰方法存在效率低、高能耗、高风险和环境污染等缺点。超疏水表面因其延缓结冰的特性被认为是一种高效、经济且环境友好的抗结冰手段。目前，大部分超疏水表面在自然环境中的摩擦、腐蚀等作用下，表面成分与结构被破坏，导致疏水和抗结冰性能大幅降低。此外，在低温环境时表面疏水性也会显著下降，冰与表面结构形成较强粘附。本项目拟针对上述两方面问题，通过设计超疏水表面结构，制备具有环境稳定的微纳结构表面；优化疏水改性方法，使低表面能物质可以牢固地接枝在表面，进而增强材料的耐用性。此外，通过含氟有机液体的引入，将原有的固-气结构的超疏水表面改进为固-液复合超疏水表面，实现低温下表面的疏水和低粘附特性，使材料在环境外力作用下实现自除冰的能力。最后，建立考虑低温环境和表面结构特征的表面浸润改进模型，系统分析低温环境下结构尺寸对表面抗结冰性能影响，为理想抗结冰材料设计提供指导。

结冰现象在日常生活和工业生产中都会造成诸多不变，如道路、机翼结冰会成为威胁生命的隐患、机械和高压电线塔结冰则会造成机器故障和线路损坏，极大影响生产效能。传统的除冰方法难度大、成本高，而目前现有的防结冰手段存在短效、高能耗与高成本等问题。基于以上问题，本项目从材料本身出发，利用仿生界面材料的特殊浸润性和低粘附性质，制备具有延迟结冰和易除冰的表面涂层，从而解决传统防冰/除冰方法中的诸多弊端。本项目主要开展了三方面研究：首先，结合Stöber方法和贻贝仿生化学制备了二氧化硅超疏水抗结冰表面涂层，该涂层在低温环境下具有明显的结冰延迟，且方法温和简单，适用于多种表面类型的修饰；其次，在前期基础上，我们通过调整制备方法增强了表面的耐摩擦和耐腐蚀特性，从而提高涂层在真实作业环境中的耐用性；最后，我们根据超疏水表面“铠甲保护结构”的思路，分别设计了“软铠甲”（PDMS）和“硬质硅基铠甲”结构，并探究了不同尺寸结构的疏水、抗冰及表面保护性能。通过本项目的研究，我们获得了具有耐摩擦、抗酸碱盐腐蚀的耐用型抗结冰表面涂层，同时表面对冰具有较低的粘附性，表面涂层能够延迟冰的形成同时表面结冰也可以在外力作用下轻易去除，使得涂层在不同场景具有良好的应用前景。