基于激光跟踪测量原理的大型数控机床装配误差高效测量方法研究

A new method of assembly error measurement for large NC tool is proposed on the basis of multi-lateration and time-sharing measurement principle. The method with laser tracker based on GPS principle can achieve rapid and arrurate detection of assembly error.A laser tracker is used to measure the same motion of the NC machine tool moving component at different base stations, and the coordinates of each measuring point can be determined by large number of measured points clound. The mapping between the space motion error and individual error of moving component is established, and each individual error can be accurately separated. Then the correlated errors during assembly process can be adjusted to achieve the assembly accuracy requirement of machine tool. Centering on this nem method, the project is mainly involved in the error modeling of machine tool, algorithm for multi-lateration and time-sharing measurement,individual error identification, system layout optimization,measuring path planing, etc. Meanwhile, the assembly technique system for large NC machine tool is developed to guide worker to achieve the quick assembly accuracy detection and relevant error adjustment. This method will open a new way for the assembly accuracy detection of large NC machine tool, and it can achieve the digital measurement of assembly error for complete machine, which will lay foundation to improve the whole assembly arruracy and efficiency.

本项目提出一种基于激光跟踪多路分时测量的大型数控机床装配误差测量新方法。该方法基于GPS原理，以激光跟踪仪为手段，实现对大型数控机床装配过程中相关误差的快速、准确测量。通过一台激光跟踪仪分别在不同基站位置对数控机床初装后运动部件的相同运动进行跟踪测量，利用大量测量点云信息实现各测量点坐标的确定。通过建立运动部件空间运动误差与各单项误差的映射关系，实现各单项误差的准确分离，然后以此对整机装配过程中相关误差进行调整，使之能够达到机床装配精度的要求。围绕这种新方法，开展对机床误差建模、激光跟踪多路分时测量算法、单项误差辨识、系统布局优化、测量路径规划等关键问题的研究。同时，开发一套大型数控机床装配工艺专家系统，用以指导工人快速完成对整机装配精度的检测及相关误差的调整。该测量方法将为大型数控机床装配精度检测开辟新途径，实现整机装配误差的数字化测量，为提高大型数控机床整体装配精度及效率奠定基础。

大型数控机床结构复杂、尺寸大，整机装配中的测量与调整复杂、耗时，从而导致整个装配周期较长。如何实现大型数控机床装配误差的快速、准确测量，为机床精度调整提供数据支持，这对于提高机床整体装配精度、缩短装配周期具有举足轻重的作用。本项目提出一种基于激光跟踪测量原理的大型数控机床装配误差高效测量新方法。该方法基于GPS原理，以激光跟踪仪为手段，实现对大型数控机床装配过程中相关误差的快速、准确测量，为机床的精度调整提供数据支持。围绕这种新的方法开展机床误差建模、基于混合遗传算法原理的激光跟踪多路分时测量中基站标定和测量点确定算法、单项误差辨识、系统布局优化、测量路径规划以及多轴机床中旋转轴与平动轴相互位置关系误差辨识等一系列关键问题的研究，并通过仿真分析与实验对理论研究的正确性进行了验证。通过仿真和实验，验证了本项目提出的基于激光跟踪测量原理的大型数控机床装配误差测量方法的可行性。该方法将为大型数控机床转配精度检测开辟新的途径，为提高大型机床整体装配精度及效率奠定基础。