我国高速城市化过程中的城市流动人口的就业及住房问题研究

The "Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis" states that job decentralization in the U.S. adversely impacts various racial/ethnic minorities living in inner city neighborhoods because of their limited mobility. In China, many migrant workers only have limited choices for residential locations due to economic reasons. Althoug the reasons that cause spatial mismatch in China are different from those in the US, the impact of spatial mismatch on migrant workers' employment and housing outcomes could be simlimar to that in the US. Built upon our current research focusing on residential segregation and spatial mismatch for immigrants in the US, the purpose of this proposed research is to test whether residential segregation leads to spatial mismatch for migrant workers in China and examine to what extent it impacts their economic outcomes. We will focus on four regions in China that have experienced the most rapid urbanization in recent years, including Yangtz River Area, Pearl River Area, Bo Hai Rim Area, Chengdu-Chongqin Area. We will randomly select eight cities from these four regions (one extra large city and one large city from each region) and then survey 200-300 migrant workers residing in each city. Combining case analysis and qualitative methods, we try to first build a theoretical analysis framework that can be used to analyze the factors affecting the employment and housing outcomes of migrant workers. Applying econometrical techniques, we then empirically study the spatial mismatch problems existing in the eight cities, and investigate how residential segregation in urbanization villages affects migrant workers' commute distance and duration, employment status, wage, self-employment status, and home ownership status. With the findings from the qualitative research and quantitative research, we will finally bring forward policy recommendations that can reduce the residential segregation and spatial mismatch problems experienced by migrant workers. Using first-hand survey data, this proposed research is going to be one of the few empirical studies that address the residential segregation and spatial mismatch issues in urbanizing China.

"空间错位假说"指出美国就业郊区化对于居住在城市中心区的各种族弱势群体的就业带来了负面影响。在中国，很多城市都存在着大量流动人口，由于经济原因他们在城市中的居住地只有有限的选择。尽管造成我国流动人口居住与就业空间错位的原因与美国有很大不同，但是其对于流动人口在就业和住房方面的影响与美国有着一定的相似之处。基于本人对于美国移民的空间错位问题的研究，本课题将研究我国城市流动人口面临的集中居住和空间错位问题，并测算其对于流动人口就业和住房方面的影响。我们将在我国城市化水平较高的四个地区的8个城市进行实地调查和问卷访谈，结合典型案例深入访谈和定性分析，建立影响流动人口就业及住房问题的整体理论分析框架；运用计量分析方法，实证性研究我国当前城市化进程中所存在的空间错位问题，并分离出居住在城中村对就业状况、收入情况及购房决策等五种经济指标的影响；最终提出有效缓解流动人口集中居住及空间错位问题的政策建议。

为探索快速城市化与城乡二元体制背景下流动人口的居住及就业状况，本研究课题重点剖析了其居住-就业空间匹配性问题及由此可能引发的就业、收入、住房等方面的经济后果。本研究通过抽样选取我国四大经济发展区共12个城市进行大样本的社会问卷调查，获得了一定数量流动人口的就业、自主创业、收入、通勤、住房、个人及家庭情况等诸多方面的关键数据，同时借鉴国外有关居住隔离、职住空间关系研究的文献，实证研究了我国流动人口集中居住在城中村对其就业率、工资收入、自主创业率、自主创业规模及收入、通勤距离及时间等居住和就业多个方面的影响。在研究方法上，为解决国内外空间错位问题相关实证研究中普遍存在的居住地选择的内生性问题，采用了基于流动人口主观看法的工具变量来改进 IV-Probit模型与2SLS模型，使得分析结果更加准确可靠。结果发现，居住在城中村的流动人口在就业率、工资收入水平、自主创业率、创业规模及收入、上下班通勤时间和距离等多个方面，均优于不居住在城中村的流动人口。城中村特殊的形成机制在就业市场格局、社会关系网络、信息外溢等方面优势为流动人口获得就业机会及较好的收入、形成自主创业、提高职住平衡等多个方面提供了保障。鉴于这些研究结果，我们为我国的城中村改造政策、流动人口住房政策、以及流动人口就业政策提出了建议。本研究从一个全新的、独特的、持续的视角去剖析和优化城市空间结构，为我国的城市结构调整与新一轮的城市空间布局规划提供了理论基础和实证依据，也为我国未来城市各项政策（城中村改造、住房、就业、交通政策）的改革、修编提供了很好的政策依据与合理建议，因此本研究具有很高的研究价值、科学意义和应用前景。在研究成果方面，超额完成目标，主要体现在SCI／SSCI论文发表数量和质量上，本课题直接和相关研究成果共发表了8篇SCI/SSCI论文，其中4篇发表在Q1类期刊上，2篇在Q2类期刊上。更重要的是，本研究的部分成果还获得了在国际区域科学届知名度很高的Regional Science Springer Prize奖。