红菇属真菌的系统发育及生物地理学研究

The genus Russula is a kind of ectomycorrhizal fungi, with important ecological and economic value. Nowadays, there are a series of studies on the classification and phylogeny of Russula around the world. However, the phylogeny is still not well studied and less research on biogeography of Russula has been done because of a serious lack of sampling of Asian Russula species. The existing biogeographical studies failed to form a generally accepted theory. This project has collected numerous Russula specimens in China and six genetic markers have been sequenced for analyses, including ITS, nLSU, mtSSU, RPB1, RPB2 and EF1-α. The phylogenetic analyses will be conducted aiming to reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Russula species clearly. A more comprehensive biogeography of Russula will also be carried out based on new sequences and existing research data retrieved from GenBank. The origin, dispersal and diversification of Russula will be inferred by mean of divergence time estimation and ancestral state reconstruction. The influence of geological activity, climate change and symbiotic plant change on the spread and differentiation of Russula will be analyzed. This research will be an important supplement to the classification of Russula in China and even in the world, as well as an in-depth revelation of the origin and evolution of the genus Russula, which will provide theoretical support for the rational development and sustainable utilization.

红菇属真菌是一类重要的外生菌根真菌，具有重要的生态和经济价值。现今，全球范围内红菇属的分类及系统发育研究已取得一定的进展，然而，已有研究中亚洲物种取样严重缺失，致使红菇属内类群间的亲缘关系仍不完全清晰，生物地理学研究也进展缓慢，未有形成普遍认可的起源演化假说。本项目拟以国内收集的大量红菇标本为材料，基于ITS、nLSU、mtSSU、RPB1、RPB2和EF1-α等多基因序列，结合GenBank中全球红菇物种数据，开展更全面的红菇属系统发育分析和生物地理学研究，旨在更清晰的揭示红菇属内类群系统发育关系，估算全球范围内红菇属真菌的起源和分化时间，推断其最可能的祖先分布区域和物种传播路径，分析地质活动、气候变化及共生植物改变等因素对其传播分化可能造成的影响。项目研究结果将是对我国乃至全球红菇真菌分类的重要补充，也是对红菇属起源和演化的重要论证，将为红菇属真菌的合理开发和可持续利用提供理论支撑。

红菇属是外生菌根真菌，可与栲、栎等壳斗科树种共生形成菌根，具有较高的经济和生态价值。该属内成员众多，由于菌盖颜色等形态特征的多样性和不稳定性，我国目前已报到的红菇属种类中，有很多以欧美名称命名，无法真实的反应我国红菇真菌区系。另外，虽然全球范围内红菇属的系统发育结构已经较为清晰，但亚洲红菇类群的缺失致使红菇属的生物地理学研究迟迟未能有所进展。.本研究收集到我国23个省、自治区、直辖市的红菇属标本2600多份。针对每份标本，本研究进行了形态学观测和系统发育研究。特别是依靠分子数据（ITS、nrLSU、nrSSU、mtSSU、EF1-α和RPB2），最终确定了我国存在近300多个未知的红菇类群。本研究描述了14个新物种及新纪录种，包括Russula subbrevipes；R. callainomarginis；R. albolutea；R. subpunicea；R. indohimalayana；R. pseudokorombholzii；Russula roseola；R. subsanguinaria；R. indocatillus；Russula clavulus；Russula multilamellula；R. luofuensis；R. subbubalina。另外，通过分子钟的方法，进行历史生物地理学分析，明确了红菇属热带非洲的起源，可追溯到始新世中期，热带地区的多样化率低于温带地区。原计划在国内外核心刊物上发表研究论文2-3篇，其中SCI论文1-2篇，实际发表研究论文8篇，其中SCI期刊收录5篇，CSCD收录3篇；并参与培养研究生3名。