鄱阳湖区水产养殖塘中抗生素抗性基因的分布特征、影响因素与消减措施研究

As a group of emerging pollutants, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were found dissemination in various environmental compartments, including water, sediments and organisms, and raised potential risks to ecosystems and human health. In recent years, aquaculture farm has been identified one of the most important environmental reservoirs and pollution source of ARGs in aquatic ecosystems. However, the fate and occurrence of ARGs in freshwater aquaculture ponds, which are the predominant cultivation pattern of freshwater aquaculture farming, are rarely studied. Hence, in this study, typical examples of aquaculture ponds in Poyang Lake region were selected as the studying objective. Firstly, we will characterize the distribution of ARGs in the ponds of the four major Chinese carps, mandarin fish, freshwater shrimp and crab, respectively. Then, the influence of biologic, chemical and physical environmental factors, such as antibiotics, microbes, heavy metals, TN, TP, TOC, pH and DO, on the dissemination of ARGs in aquaculture ponds would be further studied. Finally, the effects of three different pond cleaning methods on the reduction of ARGs will be examined. This work will demonstrate the distribution patterns, the key influence factors and effective reduction methods of ARGs in aquaculture ponds of Poyang Lake region, and provide fundamental scientific information for improving the manipulation methods for controlling the ARGs’ pollution and aquatic livestock’s disease in Poyang Lake aquaculture farming region.

抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）是一种新型环境污染物，在水、沉积物、生物体等不同环境介质中普遍存在广泛传播，给环境与人类健康带来巨大的风险。目前，水产养殖区已成为ARGs产生与积累的重要场所，是水环境中ARGs的重要来源之一。作为我国淡水养殖的主要模式，池塘在内陆水产养殖中占有非常重要的地位。然而，目前关于内陆水产养殖塘ARGs污染的研究数据仍较为匮乏。据此，本项目拟以鄱阳湖区水产养殖塘为对象，研究四大家鱼、鳜鱼、虾和蟹等不同类型养殖塘中ARGs的分布特征；同时探讨抗生素、重金属、pH、DO、TN、TP、NH3-N、TOC、整合子、微生物群落等因素变化对ARGs传播的影响；进一步研究晒塘、生石灰清塘和漂白粉清塘等措施对ARGs的消减作用，旨在揭示鄱阳湖区水产养殖塘中ARGs的分布特征、主要影响因素与有效消减措施，为鄱阳湖区水产养殖塘中ARGs污染的控制与细菌性疾病的防控提供理论基础和科学依据。

水产养殖区已成为抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）产生与积累的重要场所，是水环境中ARGs的重要来源之一。本项目研究了鄱阳湖区四大家鱼、黄颡鱼、鳜鱼和大闸蟹等不同类型养殖塘中ARGs的分布特征；同时探讨了重金属、pH、NH3-N、TN、TP、TOC和整合子等因素变化对ARGs传播的影响；进一步研究晒塘、生石灰清塘和漂白粉清塘等措施对ARGs的消减作用，为鄱阳湖区水产养殖塘中ARGs污染的控制与细菌性疾病的防控提供理论基础和科学依据。主要研究结果如下：. （1）在水产养殖塘水、沉积物及水产动物肠道内容物与饲料样品中均检测到21种ARGs，平均检出率分别在67.7%-71.4%、55.2%-68.3%、52.7%-55.2%和78.6%-85.7%之间。相同养殖塘中，水和沉积物中总ARGs含量随着养殖时间的延长而呈增长的趋势，不同类型的水产养殖塘中ARGs的含量水平存在差异，表明养殖时间和养殖模式影响着ARGs的含量与分布。.（2）相关性分析显示，在所研究的10种重金属中，至少有3种重金属的含量与ARGs含量在水、沉积物、内容物（肌肉）和饲料中具有显著的相关关系。水中TP和TOC的含量、沉积物中NH3-N、TN、TP和TOC的含量均与ARGs含量存在显著相关。整合子基因（int1和int2）对鄱阳湖区水产养殖塘ARGs的传播起到了重要作用。.（3）晒塘可有效地消减水产养殖塘表层沉积物中总ARGs的含量，在第15 d的平均消减率为42.6%；TP、TOC、Cr、Cd和Co等因素影响着晒塘过程中ARGs的消减。生石灰清塘能在短时间内(72 h)有效的消减水产养殖塘水和沉积物中总ARGs的含量，平均消减率分别在39.8%-94.8%和21.1%-57.9%之间；16S rRNA、int1、pH是影响生石灰清塘中ARGs消减的重要因素。漂白粉清塘能在短时间（72 h）内有效地消减水中总ARGs含量，平均消减率在37.5%-99.5%之间；pH、16S rRNA、NH3-N、Mn和总重金属是影响漂白粉清塘水中ARGs消减的关键因素，而在沉积物中，int1是影响ARGs消减的主要因素之一。.