基于人体解剖结构的防护后钝击损伤评估方法研究

With the increase of the protection capability of the soldier, the blunt trauma increased significantly. The traditional blunt trauma assessment method is based on the homogenous human body simulation target. The evaluation index is too simple, and the evaluation result can not reflect the difference of injury caused by impacting different position of body. Firstly, a human vulnerability model which containing more than 400 human anatomical structures and typical body armor model will be constructed. They lay a foundation for the evaluation of blunt trauma of human body. Secondly, a series of ballistic tests shooting the armor covered gelatin-viscera targets will be carried out. Based on experimental results, the relationship among bullet impact parameters, protection level, blunt depression and organ damage will be fitted. Thirdly, based on all kinds of blunt wounded data and reference for the related standard, the AIS score threshold table of blunt trauma of human anatomical structure and relationship between organ damage volume and AIS score will be established by medical experts. Finally, the human blunt trauma assessment software will be developed, which can provides an effective means for evaluating the blunt trauma and body armor performance. The results of this project will establish the foundation for evaluating the combat personnel incapacitation, weapon killing effectiveness and protective equipment performance, and have a bright prospect.

随着单兵防护能力增强，人员遭受钝击损伤的情况显著增加。传统钝击损伤评估方法以均质人体模拟靶标为基础，评估指标过于简单，评估结果无法体现击中人体不同组织器官时产生的损伤差异。本项目拟首先构建包含400多种人体解剖结构的人体易损性模型和典型防弹衣模型，为人体钝击损伤评估奠定模型基础；再进行有防护“明胶-器官”人体模拟靶标的钝击试验，获得枪弹入靶参数、防护等级、钝击凹陷和器官损伤间的量效关系；接着基于各类钝击伤数据并参考相关标准，通过医学专家打分的方法，建立详细的人体组织器官钝击损伤AIS评分阈值表、组织器官损伤体积与AIS评分的对应关系表；最后开发人体钝击损伤评估软件，为防弹衣后人体钝击损伤评估、防弹衣防护性能评估提供一种有效的手段。该研究成果是进行作战人员失能评估、武器杀伤效能评估和防护装备性能评估的基础，具有广阔的应用前景。

现代战争中，随着单兵防护能力显著增强，现有常规枪弹不能有效穿透防弹衣等防护装备，战场上士兵出现钝击伤的情况显著增加。有效地预测防护后钝击杀伤效应并合理评估其损伤程度对伤员的救治和防护装备的结构优化具有重要指导意义。本项目首先利用图像处理、图像显示等技术建立了包含405种组织器官的数字化人体模型和防护装备模型，防护装备模型经过坐标变换后能够较好地与人体模型贴合，从而建立了有防护的数字化人体模型。然后采用三维数字图像相关技术（3D-Digital Image Correlation，3D-DIC）对枪弹侵彻防弹衣的钝击效应进行了试验研究，获得了防弹衣背面变形的位移、速度、加速度和应变等响应参数。接着构建了“明胶-器官”人体模拟靶标，开展了枪弹侵彻有防护靶标的杀伤效应试验，获得了明胶靶标内钝击凹陷响应特性。随后基于上述试验数据，构建了一种基于解剖学结构的钝击损伤评估模型，并结合AIS（Abbreviated Injury Scale）评分方法，制定了钝击损伤评分准则；以有防护数字化人体模型为模拟靶标，构建了基于数字化人体损伤模型的防护装备性能评估模型。最后设计开发了人体易损性评估软件（Human Vulnerability Assessment，HVA）。该软件具有切片图像处理、人体三维可视化、钝击凹陷预测、人体易损性评估、杀伤元效能评估和防护装备性能评估等功能，并通过算例验证了评估模型的可行性。本项目建立的有防护人体易损性模型和钝击损伤评估模型，为人体损伤评估、枪弹杀伤效能评估和防护装备性能评估提供了一种重要手段。